Perception of Islam in Zoroastrian Zand Literature

Abstract

This study analyses the perception of Islam presented in Zand literature, namely, the exegetical literature of the Zoroastrian tradition that gradually lost power as a result of Muslim conquests. Zand texts, which grew during the Sasanian era and indicate a lively theological discourse, were codified and took their final form after the Muslim conquests. Zand literature talks about Islam and Muslims in an implicit manner by means of concepts such as Tazig (Arab) Ag-denih (evil/superstitious religion). Written for guiding Zoroastrian clergy in every subject, including theology and morals, these texts have a biased and negative attitude towards Islam and Muslims. Zands initially interpret Muslim conquests in an apocalyptic sense and emphasize that the end of world is near and consequently that evil reigns now. On the other hand, due to the obligation of living together with Muslims, Zands advise minimizing relations with Muslims in daily life. They present objections to the doctrinal attitude of Islam and aim at preserving the religious status of Zoroastrians. This paper stresses the view of the Zoroastrian tradition regarding Muslim conquests, the eventual coexistence experience and Islamic theology within the framework of Zands.