1929 Dünya Ekonomik Krizi döneminde hukuki açıdan İzmir Limanı
Date
2021
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Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
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Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Atatürk Dönemi’nde İzmir Limanı’nın devlet idaresi altına alınmasında rol oynayan hukuki ve ekonomik etkenleri incelemek ve değerlendirmektir. Çalışmada ayrıca, Atatürk Dönemi’nde hükümet ile yabancı sermaye arasındaki ilişkiler, İzmirLimanı’nın millileştirilmesi örneği üzerinden incelenecektir. Araştırma sonunda elde edilenbulgulardan biri, limanın hukuki durumunun değişmesinde, bir dış etken olarak BüyükBuhran’ın rol oynadığı yönündedir. Şöyle ki, Ekim 1929’da ABD’de başlayan ve hızla Avrupa’ya yayılan 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Krizi’nin etkisiyle Türkiye’de tarım ürünü fiyatlarıdüşmüş ve dış ticaret faaliyetleri azalmıştı. İzmir Limanı ise, Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarındaülkenin en önemli ihracat merkezlerinden biriydi ve limandan çoğunlukla tarım ürünleriihraç edilmekteydi. Dolayısıyla ekonomik kriz nedeniyle limandaki ihracat faaliyetlerindedüşüş yaşanmıştı. Bunun üzerine hükümet liman ile ilgili sorunları çözmek için hareketegeçmişti. Dolayısıyla Büyük Buhran’ın, İzmir Limanı’nın hukuki durumunu etkilediği görülmektedir. Diğer yandan çalışma ile, İzmir Limanı’ndaki ihracat faaliyetlerine zarar vereniç etkenlerin, limanı yöneten şirketlerden kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Cumhuriyet’inilk yıllarında, limandaki yükleme-boşaltma faaliyetlerinden Türk sermayeli İzmir Limanve Körfez Şirketi sorumluyken, rıhtımın yönetimi ise Fransız sermayeli İzmir Rıhtımı Anonim Şirketinin elindeydi. Türk şirketin uyguladığı yükleme-boşaltma ücretleri ve Fransızşirketin ihracattan aldığı rıhtım vergisi, tüccarın maliyetini yükseltmekteydi. Bu da İzmirLimanı’ndaki ihracat faaliyetlerine zarar vermekteydi. Ayrıca Fransız şirketin karıştığı biryolsuzluk olayı da mevcuttu. Çalışma sonucunda, 1929 Krizi’nin yanı sıra bu etkenlerin delimanın hukuki durumunda yaşanan değişimde rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu değişimise, hükümet tarafından Fransız şirketin yönetimindeki rıhtıma el konulması, Türk şirketintasfiye edilmesi ve İzmir Limanı’nın bir devlet idaresi altına alınması şeklinde gerçekleşmişti. Ayrıca çalışma ile, İzmir Limanı’nın millileştirilmesinin bir yabancı sermaye karşıtlığından değil, kamu yararının gözetilmesi amacından kaynaklandığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
The aim of this study is to investigate and interpret the legal and economic factors that played a role in the nationalization of the Port of İzmir during Atatürk Period. The study will try to clarify the state of the relations with foreign capital during Atatürk Period with the example of the Port of İzmir’s nationalization. One of the research’s findings is that the Great Depression is an external factor that played a role in the change of the legal state of The Port of İzmir. 1929 Crisis, which started in the USA in October 1929 and spread to the world, caused negative developments in Turkey too. As a result of the crisis, the prices of agricultural products dropped in Turkey and Turkey’s foreign trade activity decreased. The Port of İzmir was one of the country’s most important exportation centers during the first years of the republic and it was mainly exporting agricultural products. So, the exportation activity in the port decreased because of the crisis. When the exports decreased, the Turkish government consequently took action to solve the problems regarding the port. Thus, the Great Depression affected the legal state of the Port of İzmir. The study determined that the internal factors that damaged the Port of İzmir’s exportation activity are related to the companies that were in charge of the port. While the Turkish-funded İzmir Port and Gulf Company (İzmir Liman ve Körfez Şirketi) was in charge of loading and unloading, the French-funded İzmir Dock Inc. (İzmir Rıhtımı Anonim Şirketi) administered the dock during the Great Depression. The Turkish company’s prices for loading and unloading, and the wharfage that the French company took for exportation increased the expenses of merchants and this was damaging the exportation done through the Port of İzmir. Also, there was a case of corruption that the French company was involved in. At the end of the study, it was determined that all of these factors played a role in the change in the port’s legal state. The change is that the government seized the dock, closed down the Turkish company and assigned a government administration to the Port of İzmir. It was concluded with this study that, the nationalization of the Port of İzmir didn’t stem from an opposition to foreign capital, but from the intention to benefit the public
The aim of this study is to investigate and interpret the legal and economic factors that played a role in the nationalization of the Port of İzmir during Atatürk Period. The study will try to clarify the state of the relations with foreign capital during Atatürk Period with the example of the Port of İzmir’s nationalization. One of the research’s findings is that the Great Depression is an external factor that played a role in the change of the legal state of The Port of İzmir. 1929 Crisis, which started in the USA in October 1929 and spread to the world, caused negative developments in Turkey too. As a result of the crisis, the prices of agricultural products dropped in Turkey and Turkey’s foreign trade activity decreased. The Port of İzmir was one of the country’s most important exportation centers during the first years of the republic and it was mainly exporting agricultural products. So, the exportation activity in the port decreased because of the crisis. When the exports decreased, the Turkish government consequently took action to solve the problems regarding the port. Thus, the Great Depression affected the legal state of the Port of İzmir. The study determined that the internal factors that damaged the Port of İzmir’s exportation activity are related to the companies that were in charge of the port. While the Turkish-funded İzmir Port and Gulf Company (İzmir Liman ve Körfez Şirketi) was in charge of loading and unloading, the French-funded İzmir Dock Inc. (İzmir Rıhtımı Anonim Şirketi) administered the dock during the Great Depression. The Turkish company’s prices for loading and unloading, and the wharfage that the French company took for exportation increased the expenses of merchants and this was damaging the exportation done through the Port of İzmir. Also, there was a case of corruption that the French company was involved in. At the end of the study, it was determined that all of these factors played a role in the change in the port’s legal state. The change is that the government seized the dock, closed down the Turkish company and assigned a government administration to the Port of İzmir. It was concluded with this study that, the nationalization of the Port of İzmir didn’t stem from an opposition to foreign capital, but from the intention to benefit the public
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Keywords
1929 Dünya Ekonomik Krizi, Büyük Buhran, İzmir Limanı, Millileştirme, 1929 World Economic Crisis, the Great Depression, the Port of İzmir, Nationalization.
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Source
Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
Volume
24
Issue
45
Start Page
2651
End Page
4974