Antropoloji Bölümü

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Abluted capitalism: Ali Shariati's critique of capitalism in his reading of Islamic Economy
(Sage, 2015) Şengül, Serdar
Islamic sociologist Ali Shariati is a leading figure of the reconstruction of religious thought in the Islamic world known especially for his anti-capitalist stance and leftist reading of Islamic history. In the philosophy of history that he developed, he classified religions as religions of tawheed (unicity of God) and religions of shirk (multiple gods). According to this new reading of history, the main struggle is not between religion and secularism but between religions of tawheed and of sheerk. The issue of the gaining and the distribution of the property is central to his classification. Shariati argued that followers of tawheed and of sheerk can be found in all religions including Islam. To support his argument Shariati explored how capitalistic understanding of Islam has been developed and legalised while anti-capitalist messages and orders of Islam were marginalised and illegalised just after the death of the Prophet Mohammed. He analysed the rivalry between his close companions over the content of a proper Islamic economic order and how this rivalry gave way to two contradicting understanding of Islam, marks of which can be seen today in the contemporary Muslim world. He coined the term abluted capitalism' to define the economic policies of Muslim sovereigns to make Islam compatible with capitalist economic principles.
Animal exploitation at the Olympos, southwestern Anatolia: Zooarchaeological analysis
(ScienceDirect, 2022) Onar, Vedat; Olcay-Uçkan, B. Yelda; Öztaşkin, Muradiye; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Öncü, Emre; Öztaşkin, Gökçen K.; Chrószcz, Aleksanderf
This study presents analysis of animal remains unearthed from 2006 to 2021 excavations at Olympos, an important city of ancient Lycia, southwestern Turkey. Seven faunal assemblages were unearthed from seven distinct areas of the city. Each of them was studied according to their distinct archaeological contexts. The zooarchaeological observation was based on taxonomic identification, species diversity, kill-off patterns, nature of bone modification, including taphonomic and anthropogenic marks, and type of species exploitation at the site. The results demonstrated that the majority of the specimens were consumption residues, comprising mainly of ungulate and carnivore mammals, birds and marine fish and mollusks. Goat remains were the most common in all the assemblages, which is consistent with common animal exploitation patterns in Anatolia. Fish bones mostly represented bonito (Sarda sarda), tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and shark (Carcharhinidae sp.). Among the mollusks, the shells of Triton trumpet, rarely found in the Roman-Byzantine Anatolia, were clearly used as trumpets. As Olympos was an important harbour with a strategic location by the Mediterranean Sea, its faunal remains shed new light on the coastal dietary habbit, animal economy, and cultural contacts in the Roman and Early Byzantine periods in Anatolia.
Common Animals for Elite Humans: the Late Ottoman Fauna from Mardin Fortress, Southeastern Anatolia (Turkey)
(SpringerLink, 2022) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
This paper presents the frst investigation of animal remains unearthed from the Late Ottoman occupation at Mardin fortress, a military stronghold in Anatolian–Syrian frontier under Ottoman rule. The analysis produced 4234 specimens and carried out taxonomic identifcation, species diversity, kill-of patterns, and nature of bone modifcation, including those of taphonomic and cultural marks. Being the frst zooarchaeological study of an Ottoman occupation in southeastern Anatolia, the results add vital information to the paucity of archaeological knowledge of life and dietary habits of regional Ottoman elite soldiers, and ofer a glimpse into the local pastoralism and wildlife of that time.
Exotic animals in Byzantine capital: Aspects of human animal relationship in faunal remains of Yenikapı-Marmaray excavation
(2017) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Onar, Vedat
Testimonies of Byzantium and foreign visitors endorse the wonders of exotic animals in Constantinople. Exotic animals were paraded in the streets, displayed in court rituals, hunted with emperors and also brought into animal combats in the presence of emperor and empress. Besides the Imperial Park, Byzantines had animal farms where beasts were raised for eventual use in the Hippodrome. Exotic animals were presented to different rulers by Byzantine emperors. At the same time, exotic animal imagery decorated many desires and aspects of the daily life of Byzantine urbanites. Inevitably, exotic animals were highly sought-after objects to Byzantines and, therefore, they were regularly imported from possible furthermost regions to fulfil aspires in the capital. A large number of faunal remains of exotic species such as Cercopithecidae sp., Cervidae sp., Capra ibex L., Elephantidae sp., Ursidae sp., Gazella gazella L., Vulpes sp., Struthio sp., Bison sp. have been found in Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray rescue excavation along with a huge amount of marine and land fauna. Consumption of these species, including carnivores, is observed besides extensive marks and evidences on these bones. Covering an area of 58,000m2, this excavation area was the Theodosius harbour which was the second largest port in Constantinople. Being a very significant international trade centre and one of the major ports in Empire, remains of exotic animals in Yenikapı examine previous testimonies and show new aspects on human animal relationship in Byzantine time.
Intra- and intercommunal rituals in the Upper Mesopotamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic: The beginning of organized religion?
(Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Özkaya, Vecihi
While a ‘faith system’ is mainly based on simple beliefs on certain supernatural forces, the ‘organized religion’ is characterized by a faith-based doctrine with standardize worships, a hierarchical structure, and organization of dogmatic rules and practices. Archaeologically the earliest belief system on supernatural forces dates back to 80,000 to 100,000 years BP. However, the senses of organized and inter-communal religious practices apparently evolved in Early Neolithic period, following the beginning of sedentary life throughout eleventh millennium BC. Since then, the ‘organized religion’ has been helping human individuals and different social groups to be valued parts of a greater “community”. Particularly different Early Neolithic sites in Southeast Anatolia including Körtik Tepe, Göbeklitepe, Hasankeyif Höyük, Nevali Çori and Çayönü Tepesi, along with some other contemporary sites in northern Syria, present the sign of inter-communal and regional-scale rituals practices, continued for millennia. People in these early sedentary villages often constructed large, round and subterranean cult buildings. Sometimes they were built with carved upright stone slabs, decorated with friezes of triangles, undulating lines, human figures, raptors, different types of dangerous animals as well as hybrid creatures of half human and half animal. Being the communal rather than individual or household interest—these spiritual centers became the focal points of group identities for over thousand years. Over time, these very early religious centers and sanctuaries became the promoter of inter-communal complex ritual systems, and the earliest form of ‘organized religion’. With the help of the examples of communal and inter-regional cult activities and symbolism at some of these remarkable archaeological sites, this study examines the position of Southeast Anatolia in the origin of ‘organized religion’ throughout the development of Neolithic culture in West Asia.
Items of fun, utility and divination: The knucklebones from Oluz Höyük, north-central Anatolia (Turkey)
(ScienceDirect, 2022) Onar, Vedat; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Dönmez, Şevket
Knucklebones (i.e., culturally used astragali) are commonly encountered at many archaeological sites in Anatolia, ranging from the Neolithic to medieval period. Yet, very little is known about the cultural usages of these artifacts through time — as only scant attention has been paid to them. Here, we report a total of 590 even-toed ungulate knucklebones, unearthed from the 2008 to 2017 excavations at Oluz Höyük in north-central Anatolia (Turkey). The specimens were recorded from six cultural occupations, ranging from the Late Bronze Age (Hittite) to the medieval period. The highest number of knucklebones (72%) came from the Iron Age occupations — first associated with a Phrygian mother goddess (Matar Kubileya) temple, and later an early Zoroastrian fire temple complex (Cella) of Achaemenid occupation. Intense cultural marks such as perforating, piercing, polishing, smoothing, coloring, and metal casting were observed – indicating the specimens to be important cultural items with a variety of applications. About 85% of the specimens belonged to sheep and goats, whereas the rest came from cattle (9%), pigs (5%), deer (0.17%) and mouflon (0.85%) — suggesting that the inhabitants of all occupations at Oluz Höyük collected the knucklebones from the animals they commonly consumed. Being by far the first systematic observation of knucklebones from any archaeological site, the results of this study will add vital information to the very limited archaeological knowledge of knucklebones in Anatolia.
KÖRTIKTEPE IN THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEOLITHIC IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA
(Taylor and Francis, 2023) Özkaya, Vecihi; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
The transition from Late Epipalaeolithic to early Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) (PPNA) was a gradual process that took a time span of over two millennia. When observing the development of material cultures of this time, it appeared that some long-lived busy Younger Dryas sedentary sites acted as centres of cultural and ritual trends, while comparatively smaller and younger sites followed these mainstream trends. To date, Tell Qaramel, Tell Mureybet and Tell Abu Hureyra in northern Syria and Körtik Tepe in southeastern Turkey revealed securely dated Younger Dryas occupations with permanent building traditions in Upper Mesopotamia. With many similarities and differences, wide practices of animal symbolism are observed at these sites-which likely promoted the development of extensive animal symbolism in the emergence of Neolithic. Körtik Tepe-with its highly skilled local hunter-gatherer community, complex symbolic practices, signs of local origins for many cultural traditions and the greatest concentration of material cultures-stands as an influencing Younger Dryas-Early Holocene centre that apparently directed the cultural trends throughout the emergence and development of the Neolithic in the Upper Tigris Basin. Some symbols at Körtik Tepe were unique and many other symbols were of supraregional characteristics. Here, with the help of settlement history, subsistence, burial practice and symbolic trends in regional-interregional context, we seek the position of Körtik Tepe in the origin and development of Neolithic in Upper Mesopotamia.
Local trend of symbolism at the dawn of the Neolithic: The painted bone plaquettes from PPNA Kortiktepe, Southeast Turkey
(Elsevier, 2021) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Şahin, Feridun S.; Özkaya, Vecihi
The PPNA site of Körtiktepe in the Upper Tigris Basin yielded one of the richest Pre-Pottery Neolithic assemblages in Western Asia. The site also stands among a few key Epipalaeolithic–Neolithic transitional centers that played vital roles in the origin and evolution of Neolithic symbolism in Upper Mesopotamia. The site was occupied from the second half of the 11th millennium BCE, and throughout much of the 10th millennium BCE the sedentary hunter-gatherers at Körtiktepe engaged in a socio-symbolic organization with elaborate funerary practice and extensive manufacture of symbolic artifacts, including figurative plaquettes, engraved stone vessels, incised shaft straighteners with elaborate designs, scepters, and large assemblages of beads, mostly unearthed from c2000 intra-site burials. No other PPN site has yielded such an extensive number of burial remains and grave goods. Here, we present a group of painted bone plaquettes displaying morphological features and some imagery so far not seen at any other Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Western Asia. Assessing the specimens in light of the wider symbolic practices among the first Neolithic societies, we argue that Körtiktepe was an important center of symbolic trend at the dawn of the Neolithic in the Upper Tigris Basin.
The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia (Southern Turkey) and its Sacred Places
(Cambridge University Press, 2011) Soileau, Mark
Gisela Procházka-Eisl and Stephan Procházka. The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia (Southern Turkey) and its Sacred Places. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010. 404 pages, 61 color pictures. Cloth €68 ISBN 978–3-447–06178-0.
Social zooarchaeology of marine remains from Marmaray-Yenikapi excavation: Examining the aquatic resources exploitation in Constantinople
(2016) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Özkan, Ermiş; Onar, Vedat
Located between Marmara Sea and Black Sea, Constantinople was the centre of international trade during its reign. Byzantines developed one of the strongest navies in that time exploiting these water bodies. Testimonies of both Byzantium and foreign visitors show that marine resources had a great significance in Byzantine life. Fishing constituted one of the most important sources of income in the capital with the blessing of Bosporus Strait and Golden-Horn. Byzantines also developed various fishing methods. They were also well aware about the high nutritional value of fish and other aquatic resources. A large number of evidences related to aquatic activities have been unearthed by Yenikapı and Marmaray excavation. Profound amount of artefacts, more than 30 shipwrecks and faunal remains of various marine species are notable of them. Marine species from this site includes tuna fish (Thunnus thynnus L.), swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.), catfish (Clarias sp.), sharks (Carcharhinidae sp.), sea breams (Sparidae sp.), dolphins (Delphinidae sp.), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), gilthead breams (Sparusaurata L.), mackerels (Scomber sp.), bonitos (Sarda sp.), crabs (Crustacea sp.), sea turtles (Cheloniidae sp.) and a great number of shells (Mollusc sp.) etc. Some marine species found in Yenikapı were seldom affordable to common citizens in Constantinople. Drilling, chopping and slaughter marks strongly suggest their use for gastronomic treats by elites. Besides, many of them were also used in decorative accessories, luxury materials and exotic shows. Known as “Langa Bostanlari” in Ottoman period, Yenikapı was the ‘Theodosius harbour’ in Byzantine capital. Being a very significant international trade centre and one of the major ports in Empire, remains of different aquatic activities, especially the marine species from this site examines previous Byzantine testimonies as well as shows new aspects about the marine food consumption and social utilization of aquatic resources in Constantinople.
Tarihöncesi Toplumlarda İnsan-Hayvan İlişkisi ve Orta Anadolu Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem Faunası
(Çizgi Kitabevi, 2019) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Tamamen doğaya bağlı olan tarihöncesi toplumlar, hayatta kalmak için gerekli yiyecek ve çeşitli hayvansal ürünlere ulaşmak amacıyla hayvanları avlamak zorunda kalmışlardır. Diğer yandan, insanlar Paleolitik Çağ'dan beri bu hayvanlara tapmış, saygı göstermiş ve çeşitli sembolik uygulamalarda değerli olarak görmüşlerdir. Dolayısıyla, günümüz toplumları gibi, tarihöncesi toplumlarda da insan-hayvan ilişkileri çok boyutlu, renkli ve karmaşıktı. Belki de, hayvanlarla insanların bu karmaşık ilişkilerinin en önemli aşaması, yerleşik yaşama geçilen Neolitik Dönem'in erken evrelerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Hem insan hem de hayvanların yaşam biçimlerini değiştiren bu dönemde ortaya çıkan insan ve diğer hayvanlar arasındaki yeni ilişkiler, Anadolu ve Batı Asya'daki toynaklı türlerin ilk evcilleştirilmesini teşvik etmiştir. Bu kitapta, tarihöncesi toplumlarla birlikte, Neolitik dönemin önemli çekirdek bölgelerinden biri olan Orta Anadolu'nun Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik yerleşimlerinde gözlenen insan-hayvan ilişkileri ele alınmıştır.

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