Browsing by Author "Baloch, Faheem Shehzad"

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Allelic variations of glutenin subunits and their association with quality traits in bread wheat genotypes
(2017) Aktaş, Hüsnü; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad
The present study was conducted to evaluate the genotype × environment interaction of the yield and quality traits for five bread wheat varieties commonly grown in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and 20 advanced lines developed within the framework of the International Winter Wheat Improvement Project. We also determined the allelic pattern of the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci of these genotypes and examined whether these loci had an effect on the quality traits. There was a significant variation among the genotypes and environments in terms of grain yield, protein content, sedimentation volume (SV), and the extensograph dough energy value (EDEV). The results of the study indicated that genotypic effect was more influential on SV and EDEV than environmental effect; thus, both traits could be used in breeding programs to develop elite cultivars with better quality. Twelve different high-molecularweight (HMW) glutenin alleles were identified at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci, resulting in 14 allelic combinations, and 17 different alleles were observed in 19 combinations for low-molecular-weight (LMW) subunits. Furthermore, among all the genotypes, 13 + 16 and 13 + 19 alleles at Glu-B1 and 5 + 12 at Glu-D1 were observed to have the lowest frequency. Our study indicated that the combinations of HMW glutenin alleles with 2* at Glu-A1, 17 + 18 and 13 + 16 at Glu-B1, and 5 + 10 at Glu-D1, as well as the combinations of LMW alleles with subunits c and d at Glu-A3; subunits d, b, c, and g at Glu-B3; and subunits a and b at Glu-D3 had positive effects on the quality traits.
Allelic variations of glutenin subunits and their association with quality traits in bread wheat genotypes
(Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2017) Aktaş , Hüsnü; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad
The present study was conducted to evaluate the genotype × environment interaction of the yield and quality traits for five bread wheat varieties commonly grown in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and 20 advanced lines developed within the framework of the International Winter Wheat Improvement Project. We also determined the allelic pattern of the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci of these genotypes and examined whether these loci had an effect on the quality traits. There was a significant variation among the genotypes and environments in terms of grain yield, protein content, sedimentation volume (SV), and the extensograph dough energy value (EDEV). The results of the study indicated that genotypic effect was more influential on SV and EDEV than environmental effect; thus, both traits could be used in breeding programs to develop elite cultivars with better quality. Twelve different high-molecularweight (HMW) glutenin alleles were identified at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci, resulting in 14 allelic combinations, and 17 different alleles were observed in 19 combinations for low-molecular-weight (LMW) subunits. Furthermore, among all the genotypes, 13 + 16 and 13 + 19 alleles at Glu-B1 and 5 + 12 at Glu-D1 were observed to have the lowest frequency. Our study indicated that the combinations of HMW glutenin alleles with 2* at Glu-A1, 17 + 18 and 13 + 16 at Glu-B1, and 5 + 10 at Glu-D1, as well as the combinations of LMW alleles with subunits c and d at Glu-A3; subunits d, b, c, and g at Glu-B3; and subunits a and b at Glu-D3 had positive effects on the quality traits.
Contribution of Landraces in Wheat Breeding
(Springer, 2021) Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Yeken, Mehmet Zahit; Tekin, Mehmet; Mustafa, Zemran; Hatipoğlu, Rüştü; Aktaş , Hüsnü; Alsaleh, Ahmad; Cabi, Evren; Habyarimana, Ephrem; Zencirci, Nüsret; Karaköy, Tolga; Özkan, Hakan; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad
Agriculture is one of the oldest livelihood sources of mankind. Humans remained actively involved in the selection of favorable traits which resulted in significant changes in the phenotype and genotype of wild plants. In addition to man’s selection activities, environmental factors also played a significant contribution in the selection of various favorable traits suitable for man-made land and gardens. Combination of these activities resulted in the development of distinctive populations called “landraces” (Zeven 1998). Landraces are dynamic populations of cultivated plants having a historical background, genetically diverse and distinct identity, and good adaptation to local environment and that are associated with traditional farming systems (Villa et al. 2005). Dwivedi et al. (2016) stated that landraces are heterogeneous populations of domesticated species having great adaptation to local environment and can serve as a source of genetic variations that can be very helpful to combat the current and new challenges for farming in changing environments. Landraces are found phenotypically diverse and less productive compared to their cultivated types (Mir et al. 2020). However, regarding their quality attributes, landraces have been found highly nutritious compared to their cultivated ones (Azeez et al. 2018). Landraces played a major role in plant breeding by providing novel genes for various agronomic, quality, mineral, biotic, and abiotic traits (Azeez et al. 2018; Lopes et al. 2015). An impressive increase in yields per hectare was the result of the “Green Revolution” due the inclusion of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) having better response to inputs (Mir et al. 2020). After the inclusion of these high-yielding varieties, it was supposed that landraces will inevitably disappear with time (Frankel and Bennett 1970; Zeven 1998). However, these breeding activities led to genetic erosion and emergence of various modern cultivars that are prone to various biotic and abiotic stresses. It is estimated that approximately 75% loss of genetic diversity is observed in the last 100 years (Hammer et al. 1996). Globally, loss of genetic diversity is very alarming because it can be used to combat food scarcity problems in the long term. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to collect, preserve, and grow these landraces as they guarantee the existence of variations that can be used for breeding of crops for the production of more quantity of food with high quality. Besides the inclusion of HYVs, landraces maintained their position by playing a key role in agricultural production, specifically in those environments where commercial cultivars failed their competitive advantage (Casañas et al. 2017).
Mineral Profiling of Turkish Wheat Genetic Resources Unveiled Their Conserved Potential for Biofortification in Combating Hidden Hunger
(Springer, 2024) Aktas, Husnu; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Tutus, Yusuf; Dogan, Serap; Karaman, Mehmet; Erdemci, Irfan; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Doğan, Yusuf
Micronutrient deficiencies, also known as hidden hunger, pose a threat to the global population alongside food scarcity. Wheat is a staple food for a huge population and available commercial cultivars generally lack sufficient mineral contents. Crop wild relatives harbor novel variation crucial for crop improvement programs including biofortification. The southeastern region of T & uuml;rkiye is blessed with diverse wheat germplasm. This study aimed to explore the mineral content diversity in different wheat species germplasm; i.e., Triticum boeoticum, T. dicoccoides, T. durum, and T. aestivum. Various mineral elements; i.e., Zn, Fe, K, P, S, Mg, Ca, and Mn were investigated in the grains of 192 genotypes. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed highly significant genotypic effects of all traits in T. boeoticum, T. dicoccoides, and T. durum. The highest seed Zn concentration (77.8 mg kg-1) was found in T. boeoticum genotype-36 and the lowest (24.9 mg kg-1) was recorded in genotype T. aestivum genotype-4. A total of 16 genotypes belonging to T. dicoccoides had > 50 mg kg-1 grain Zn content and can be a potential source for developing Zn-enriched durum wheat cultivars. Maximum Fe content (109 mg kg-1) was found in T. dicoccoides genotype-11, while minimum (29 mg kg-1) was recorded in T. durum genotype-55. Zinc and Fe contents in T. boeoticum and T. dicoccoides genotypes were found more than twice as reported previously with T. durum and bread wheat germplasm. Grain Zn contents showed a highly significant and positive correlation with the various studied traits. Principal components analysis (PCA) and biplot confirmed that first two principal components accounted for a total of 79.14% variation. The present investigation confirmed that available bread wheat's genetic resources have low genetic diversity and its wild relatives conserve unexplored variation that can be helpful for wheat biofortification.
Origin, Taxonomy, and Distribution of Ancient Wheats in Turkey
(Springer, 2022) Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Aktaş , Hüsnü; Rasheed, Awais; Nadeem Muhammad ,Azhar; Cabi, Evren; Hatipoğlu, Rüştü; Sajjad, Muhammad
Ancient wheats “einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum) and spelt (T. aestivum L. ssp. spelta),” which are diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, respectively, are also known as “ancient wheat (also termed as farro).” Ancient wheats are not only a promising source of many important traits related with biotic and abiotic stresses for modern wheat improvement, but they are also attracting renewed interest for cultivation due to the global efforts in enhancing food diversity. The exploitation of ancient species is seen as a key factor to further drive genetic improvements in wheat breeding programs worldwide. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have information about the taxonomy of the ancient wheats to design a breeding for tetraploid and hexaploid wheat for the growing population of the world. For designing the breeding program, we need to introgress favorable alleles from these precious ancient wheat genetic resources. Turkey, one of the most important diversity and domestication centers of wheat, harbors frequent distribution of the various diploid and tetraploid ancient wheat species. In this chapter, we tried to summarize the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationship of various ancient wheat species belonging to different ploidy levels and their distribution areas in Turkey.
Stripe rust resistance gene Yr15 in Turkish and Kazakhstan wheat germplasms and the potential of Turkish wild emmer for stripe rust breeding
(Institute for Ionics, 2023) Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Ali, Amjad; Tajibayev, Daniyar; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Ölmez, Fatih; Aktaş, Hüsnü; Alsaleh, Ahmad; Cömertpay, Gönül; İmren, Mustafa
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a devastating obligate fungal biotroph that causes stripe rust disease in wheat in temperate and cooler regions, especially in Kazakhstan and Turkey. Chemical control of Pst is not a sustainable or economic strategy in these countries. Therefore, a suitable alternative to these pesticides, such as the development of resistant wheat cultivars, is needed. During the present investigation, a large set of wheat germplasms was characterized to determine the presence of the broad-spectrum resistance Yr15 gene using Y15K1_F2/uhw30_1R primers. This collection contained 360 accessions including 233 durum and bread wheat collected from KASIB cultivars and advanced lines that were developed by eight breeding programs within the Kazakhstan-Siberia Wheat Improvement Network and Turkey, and 127 wild emmer collected from Turkey only. The positive control was wild emmer IDs WEW 83-1, WEW 84-1, and WEW-85, which previously showed positive amplification of the Yr15 gene with these primers. Yr15, a broad-spectrum R-gene derived from wild emmer wheat encoding a putative kinase-pseudokinase protein designated as wheat tandem kinase 1, comprises a unique R-gene structure in wheat against the yellow (stripe) rust. None of the tested cultivated wheat germplasms from 174 durum wheat of the KASIB Network or 59 of bread wheat from Turkey showed positive amplification, but 89 of 127 (70.07%) wild Triticum dicoccoides showed positive amplification. The collection from the Karacadağ regions showed the maximum number of genotypes (46) with positive amplification for Yr15, followed by Eruh (10), Şırnak (5), Malazgir-Tunceli (4), Tunceli (4), Şırnak-Uludere yol (3), Tunceli-Pülümür (3), and Karacadağ/Kerteş Köyü –Siverek (3). We conclude that wild wheat cultivars are a good source of the Yr15 gene and that introgression of this gene into the cultivated wheat germplasm of both countries should be performed to manage the Pst pathogen in the future
Türkiye’nin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinin Buğday Genetik KaynaklarıBakımından Potansiyeli ve Sürdürülebilir Olarak Korunması
(Bahri Dağdaş Bitkisel Araştırma Dergisi, 2018) Aktaş , Hüsnü; Özberk, Fethiye; Oral, Erol; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Doğan, Serap; Karaman, Mehmet; Çiğ, Fatih
Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde verimli hilal olarak bilinen yer buğdayın ilk kültüre alındığı merkez konumundadır. Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa ve Mardin illerinin üçgeninde yer alan Karacadağ, buğdayın A ve B genom vericileri olan diploid yabani buğday türleri Triticum boeoticum (2n=14, AA) ve Aegilops speltoides (2n=14, BB), aynı zamanda durum buğdayının yakın akrabası, tetraploid buğday türü Triticum dicoccoides (2n=28, AABB) bakımından dünyanın en zengin bölgesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. D genom vericisi olan Aegilops tauschii türü ise Erzurum, Kars, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak, Hakkâri, Van illerinde doğal olarak yetişmektedir. Nevala Çori, Çayönü ve Göbekli Tepe gibi alanlardaki arkeolojik kazılarda da diploid ve tetraploid buğday örneklerinin yanı sıra tarım aletlerine de rastlanılmıştır. Bölgede tarımın çok eski dönemlerde yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Yabani buğday türleri bakımından doğal bir laboratuvar olan Türkiye’nin güneydoğusu aynı zamanda, yerel buğday çeşitleri bakımından da zengin bir biyo çeşitliliğe sahip olup, Sorgül, Havrani, Karakılçık, Aşure, Menceki, Beyazi ve daha birçok yerel çeşit günümüzde bu bölgedeki marjinal alanlarda yetiştirilmektedir. Fakat, dünya gıda güvenliği için hayati öneme sahip buğday genetik kaynaklarındaki çeşitlilik, modern tarım teknikleri, şehirleşme, aşırı otlatma ve doğadan aşırı toplama gibi faktörler nedeniyle olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Verimli modern ıslah çeşitlerinin yaygınlaşması daha çok yerel buğdayların yetiştiriciliği için, Karacadağ’da yabani buğdaylara doğal bir koruma sağlayan bazalt taşların toplanıp tarım alanı açmak, inşaat ve yol yapımında kullanılmaya başlaması, bu yöredeki yabani buğdaylardaki genetik çeşitlilik için büyük tehdit olarak görülmelidir. Genetik kaynakların in-situ (doğal habitat içinde koruma) koruma altına alınması için birtakım uygulamalar gerektirirken, aynı zamanda ex-situ (doğal habitat dışında) koruma ile tohum gen bankalarında muhafazası ve bu genetik kaynaklardaki gen allellerinin tespiti ve karakterizasyon işlemleri hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, FAO tarafından desteklenen proje kapsamında 2009-2014 yıllarında yerel buğdayların toplanması sırasında yapılan gözlemlerden elde edilen veriler ışığında, Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinin buğday genetik kaynakları bakımından potansiyeli, ülkemiz ve dünya gıda güvenliği açısından önemi ve bu kaynakların sürdürülebilir bir koruma altına alınması için yapılması gerekenler konu alınmıştır.
A Whole Genome DArTseq and SNP Analysis for Genetic Diversity Assessment in Durum Wheat from Central Fertile Crescent
(Plos one, 2017) Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Alsaleh, Ahmad; Shahid, Muhammad Qasim; Çiftçi, Vahdettin; Miera, Luis E. SaÂenz de; Aasim, Muhammad; Nadeem-, Muhammad Azhar; Aktaş , Hüsnü; Özkan, Hakan; Hatipoğlu, Rüştü
A Whole Genome DArTseq and SNP Analysis for Genetic Diversity Assessment in Durum Wheat from Central Fertile Crescent