Edebiyat Fakültesi

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Ability, Examination and Inclusive Education: Stretching the Hard Lines of the Educational System
(2016) Sakız, Halis
The aim of this paper is to delve into the debate about the epistemological nature of ability and examination, which we have been continuously exposed to, but rarely scrutinized. In the paper, I refer to Turkey as a case and argue that the dominance of ability-based paradigm and its associated assessment and placement systems have created a new educational order which categorizes schools and students based on how they perform at a single point in time. What is more, I critically evaluate the construction of “abilities” and “disabilities” through the means employed in the education system, followed by a discussion of the examination culture as a product of an ability-based system. Finally, I propose inclusive education as a powerful means of transforming the education system to an equitable and educationally effective one in which all students are welcomed and provided with education of good quality that both enriches childhood and maximizes chances of leading a fulfilled adult life.
Abluted capitalism: Ali Shariati's critique of capitalism in his reading of Islamic Economy
(Sage, 2015) Şengül, Serdar
Islamic sociologist Ali Shariati is a leading figure of the reconstruction of religious thought in the Islamic world known especially for his anti-capitalist stance and leftist reading of Islamic history. In the philosophy of history that he developed, he classified religions as religions of tawheed (unicity of God) and religions of shirk (multiple gods). According to this new reading of history, the main struggle is not between religion and secularism but between religions of tawheed and of sheerk. The issue of the gaining and the distribution of the property is central to his classification. Shariati argued that followers of tawheed and of sheerk can be found in all religions including Islam. To support his argument Shariati explored how capitalistic understanding of Islam has been developed and legalised while anti-capitalist messages and orders of Islam were marginalised and illegalised just after the death of the Prophet Mohammed. He analysed the rivalry between his close companions over the content of a proper Islamic economic order and how this rivalry gave way to two contradicting understanding of Islam, marks of which can be seen today in the contemporary Muslim world. He coined the term abluted capitalism' to define the economic policies of Muslim sovereigns to make Islam compatible with capitalist economic principles.
The actual and the possible: modality and metaphysics in modern philosophy, edited by M. Sinclair, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, 256 pp., £50.00, ISBN 9780198786436
(2018) Yirmibeş, Mert Can
This new collection comprises nine essays offering a wide array of views on modal metaphysics. One of the aims of the collection is to provide a recent survey of modal theories from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century. The book presents ‘analytic’ and ‘continental’ theories in modal metaphysics, with many diversely interpreted subjects, including the subjectivity and objectivity of modalities and the notion of possibility that was a focus of seventeenth- to twentieth-century modal metaphysics. The book provides interpretations of modal theories and responses to more contemporary issues, such as the (ir)reducibility of modal categories. The essays take diverse approaches, with some more exegetical and some engaging critically with the literature. Here I consider four essays within the volume that exemplify these approaches.
Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas-Early Holocene boundary at Kortiktepe, Southeastern Turkey
(Sage Journals, 2022) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Benz, Marion; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Özkaya, Vecihi
The site of Körtiktepe in southeastern Turkey is one of few sites in the Upper Mesopotamia basin that attests continuous, permanent occupation across the boundary from end of the colder, drier Younger Dryas (YD) into the comparatively wetter and warmer Early Holocene (EH). This allows for the study of the degree of environmental change experienced on a local level over this boundary as well as for the study of the adaptations that the occupants of the site undertook in response to these changes. The mammal assemblage of Körtiktepe remains relatively stable across the YD – EH transition with the main contributors to diet being mouflon (Ovis orientalis) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in approximately the same quantities, although the contribution of aurochs (Bos primigenius) increases in the EH. The most significant changes can be seen in the shift in avifauna remains, with a sharp increase of waterbirds during the EH. It is proposed that these shifts reflect changes in the local environment with an increase in woodland cover as well as expansion of local waterways, which is generally consistent with previously published archaeobotanical studies. In terms of species exploited, mortality profiles as well as size distribution of mammals, a great deal of continuity is observed. This suggests that over this particular period the local impact of the beginning of the Early Holocene was not overly dramatic, allowing for cultural continuity of previously established subsistence strategies.
Administrative Structures in the Upper Ottoman Kurdistan During the 18th Century
(Nubihar Akademi, 2015) Çiftçi, Erdal
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Adoption and abandon of camel culture in Southeast Anatolia
(Selçuk Efes Kent Belleği Yayınları, 2018) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Erdem, Çağdaş; Şanlı, Süleyman
Camels are exotic animals in Anatolia. Except the Palaeolithic site of Karain Cave, no pre-Bronze Age archaeological site reveals any camel remains so far in Anatolia. However, domestic camel became common and very significant in the Early Imperial as well as in the Roman and Byzantine Anatolia. Southeast Anatolian region, being the corridor between Anatolia and Mesopotamia, always played key roles since the early stage of the spread of camel culture in rest of Anatolia. Moreover, from the Bronze Age to nineteenth century onwards, camel pastoralism was very lucrative in Southeast Anatolia mainly because of trade, transport and warfare. While camel culture was gradually abandoned in rest of the Anatolia in the beginning of twentieth century, camels still remained as an important socio-cultural part of pastoral groups in Southeast Anatolia until last 30 years. In the light of archaeozoologic, ethnohistoric and ethnozoological data, this review is aimed to illustrate a glimpse of camel culture in Southeast Anatolia throughout different cultural periods in the region.
Ahmed Anzavur: Soldier, Governor, and Rebel. a Reevaluation of a Late Ottoman Military Man
(Oriental inst Czech Acad Sci, 2023) Yelbasi, Caner
Following the Russian conquest of the North Caucasus, many Muslims from the region were exiled to the Ottoman Empire from the 1860s onwards. They were settled in different parts of the empire from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Syria and Iraq vilayets. By following this policy, the Ottoman state ensured that many Circassians would become part of the Ottoman army, ruling elites, harems and agricultural workforce. Anzavur Ahmed's family was one of them. Although he did not graduate from military school, he participated in the army during the war in Libya (1911), the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), and the First World War (1914-1918). He was also appointed as the governor of Izmit (1920). Anzavur Ahmet is portrayed as a rebel by Turkish official historiography, but in reality, he was much more than that. He was an Ottoman Governor, and supported by Ottoman administrators such as Damad Ferid and Ali Kemal, who were against the Kuvayi Milliye because they believed that the empire would eventually emerge from the chaotic atmosphere of the post-First World War period and make an agreement with the British. This article argues that although Ahmed Anzavur has been labeled a rebel and a traitor according to the official historiography, it is difficult to use these labels given the circumstances of his time.
Alliance of Psychosocial and School-related Factors: Impact on Achievement and Psychological Resilience.
(International Conference on Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 2017) Sakız, Halis
School achievement in competitive and examination- based education systems is getting increasingly important, often with neglected emphasis on its influence on the wellbeing of stu- dents. This study directs a closer look at achievement and psycho- logical resilience at school with a framework shaped by the interac- tion of psychosocial and school factors among 81 students in Turk- ish secondary schools. Findings indicated influence of the psycho- social and school-related factors on both school achievement and psychological resilience. Findings of the study call for attention to reform schools in ways that consider the individual needs of all students and target the development and learning of all.
An alternative method for professional development of teachers: Peer observation
(2011) Yıldırım, Muhamet Cevat; Yıldırım, Muhamet Cevat; Demirtaş, Hasan
Bu araştırmanın amacı, meslektaş gözlemine ilişkin bir betimleme ve değerlendirme yapmaktır. Bu kapsamda meslektaş gözleminin tanımı, meslektaş koçluğu, meslektaş danışmanlığı, meslektaş denetimi, mentorlük gibi kavramlarla ilişkisi, aşamaları, faydaları ve sınırlılıkları tartışılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, meslektaş gözlemi, ön görüşme, gözlem ve gözlem sonrası görüşme aşamalarından oluşan gönüllülüğe dayalı bir süreçtir. Bu süreç, öğretmenler arasındaki işbirliğinin artmasına, öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimine, özgüvenlerinin ve özfarkındalıklarının artmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Meslektaş gözleminin, açık ve yapıcı bir ortam içerisinde yeterince tartışma yapılamaması, kişilerin eleştiriye karşı hassas ve kırılgan olması, çok az sayıda kişinin bu süreç için gerekli yeterliklere sahip olması gibi sınırlılıkları vardır. Bu sınırlıklara rağmen meslektaş gözlemi Türkiye’de öğretmen yetiştirmeye yönelik yeni bir yaklaşım olarak uygulanmalıdır. Ayrıca bu yöntemin etkili olması için öğretmenlere gözlem, iletişim, yapıcı eleştiri gibi konularda nitelikli eğitimler verilmelidir.
An analysis of age-standardized suicide rates in Muslim-majority countries in 2000-2019
(BMC Public Health, 2022) Zeyrek-Rios, Emek Yüce; Bob Lew; Lester, David; Kõlves, Kairi; Yip, Paul S. F.; Ibrahim, Norhayati
Background: This study examines the 20-year trend of suicide in 46 Muslim-majority countries throughout the world and compares their suicide rates and trends with the global average. Ecological-level associations between the proportion of the Muslim population, the age-standardized suicide rates, male-to-female suicide rate ratio, and the Human Development Index (HDI) in 2019 were examined. Methods: Age-standardized suicide rates were extracted from the WHO Global Health Estimates database for the period between 2000 and 2019. The rates in each country were compared with the age-standardized global average during the past 20 years. The countries were further grouped according to their regions/sub-regions to calculate the regional and sub-regional weighted age-standardized suicide rates involving Muslim-majority countries. Correlation analyses were conducted between the proportion of Muslims, age-standardized suicide rate, male: female suicide rate ratio, and the HDI in all countries. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the age-standardized suicide rates in 2000-2019. Results: The 46 countries retained for analysis included an estimated 1.39 billion Muslims from a total worldwide Muslim population of 1.57 billion. Of these countries, eleven (23.9%) had an age-standardized suicide rate above the global average in 2019. In terms of regional/sub-regional suicide rates, Muslim-majority countries in the Sub-Saharan region recorded the highest weighted average age-standardized suicide rate of 10.02/100,000 population, and Southeastern Asia recorded the lowest rate (2.58/100,000 population). There were significant correlations between the Muslim population proportion and male-to-female rate ratios (r=-0.324, p=0.028), HDI index and age-standardized suicide rates (r=-0.506, p<0.001), and HDI index and male-to-female rate ratios (r=0.503, p<0.001) in 2019. Joinpoint analysis revealed that seven Muslim-majority countries (15.2%) recorded an increase in the average annual percentage change regarding age-standardized suicide rates during 2000-2019. Conclusions: Most Muslim-majority countries had lower age-standardized suicide rates than the global average, which might reflect religious belief and practice or due to Muslim laws in their judicial and social structure which may lead to underreporting. This finding needs further in-depth country and region-specific study with regard to its implication for public policy.
The analysis of Syriac philosophical activities in the context of translation movements
(SILA SCIENCE, 2012) Doru, Mehmet Nesim
Dealing with the Syriac tradition of philosophy through translation activities will provide us more accurate information about philosophical activities of Syrians spanning a wide period such as ten centuries. Otherwise, philosophical activities of Syrians will be limited to a one-way translation movement such as repeated failures in most of the time, and thus, we will be prevented to see the picture as a whole. This study deals with the periods and introduces their basic features.
The Analysis of the Effects of Olfactive Stimulus in Learning in Context of Educational Technology
(2013) Özdaş, Faysal; Akpınar, Burhan; Yıldırım, Bilal
When the educational Technologies, which are used in the process of learning-teaching process, are associated with sensory organs, the least used one becomes the olfactive stimuli. Nowadays, because of being foreground of visual-audio Technologies, Positivism is based on vision and audition but it ignores the other senses. Although seeing and hearing play important roles, the ineffectiveness of other senses is delusion in this process. In this delusion the impact of visual-audio Technologic devices from telescope to television, internet, mobile phones is inevitable. However sensation and learning is wholistic and based on togetherness of five senses. Thus, with the delusion olfactive stimulus which is rejected from the educational field is effective on senses, attention, concentration and memory in learning. The purpose of this study, which is in form literature review, is to discuss the nature of olfactive stimulus the effectiveness in education, areas of usage in context of educational technology, to deduce and to make suggestions.
An Analysis of the Section on Causality in Khojazada's Tahafut
(SCIENTIFIC STUDIES ASSOC-ILMI ETUDLER DERNEGI-ILEM, 2016) Kılıç, Muhammet Fatih
In this article, the nineteenth section of Khojazada's (d. 893/1488) Tahafut, which was devoted to the problem of causality in an example of the works under the same title written during the fifteenth century and composed with the patronage of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II (d. 886/1481), is subjected to a critical analysis. His discussion follows a critical course with respect to al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111) in context. This could be detected most clearly in his vindication of Avicenna (d. 428/1037) against al-Ghazali's accusation of the philosophers' denial of miracles. Moreover, Khojazada's discussion has certain differences with al-Ghazali's at both the conceptual and the argumentative levels. The most striking differences at the argumentative level is Khojazada's grounding of his own conception of revelation and miracles on Avicennia's, rather than al-Ghazali's, theory of prophethood. By the same token, he offered a practical response to the imputation that the Avicennian system leaves no room for the possibility of miracles. At the conceptual level, furthermore, he distinguished between complete and incomplete causes, in contradistinction with al-Ghazali, and thereby opened another ground in order to demonstrate the inability of those natures that he viewed as incomplete causes to produce their own effects. On the other hand, Khojazada concurs with al-Ghazali that causality did not presume an ontological necessity, yet this condition did not incur defects on the certainty of our knowledge.
Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural transformation in Early Neolithic period
(Amasya University, 2017) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 9000 B.C. in the Levant and the Central Anatolia. The managing process of different plant and animal species was spreading from the Central Anatolia to Southern and Western Anatolia during 8th millennium BC, and in 7th millennium BC into Southeast Europe by Anatolian farmers. Furthermore, this process appeared in Central Europe in the middle of 6th millennium BC and eventually in north-western Europe in the middle of 4th millennium BC by Anatolian Neolithic farmers. Archaeological evidences as well as ancient DNA studies testify this migrations and cultural exchange of Anatolian farmers which enforced the neolithization in Europe and inevitably changed Europe‟s face forever. This research is aimed to give a chronological glimpse of that migration and the cultural transformation process from the Central Anatolia to Europe between 9th millennium and 4th millennium BC.
Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia
(Science, 2022) Acar, Ayşe; Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Davtyan, Ruben
We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia.
Animal exploitation at the Olympos, southwestern Anatolia: Zooarchaeological analysis
(ScienceDirect, 2022) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Olcay-Uçkan, B. Yelda; Öztaşkin, Muradiye; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Öncü, Emre; Öztaşkin, Gökçen K.; Chrószcz, Aleksanderf
This study presents analysis of animal remains unearthed from 2006 to 2021 excavations at Olympos, an important city of ancient Lycia, southwestern Turkey. Seven faunal assemblages were unearthed from seven distinct areas of the city. Each of them was studied according to their distinct archaeological contexts. The zooarchaeological observation was based on taxonomic identification, species diversity, kill-off patterns, nature of bone modification, including taphonomic and anthropogenic marks, and type of species exploitation at the site. The results demonstrated that the majority of the specimens were consumption residues, comprising mainly of ungulate and carnivore mammals, birds and marine fish and mollusks. Goat remains were the most common in all the assemblages, which is consistent with common animal exploitation patterns in Anatolia. Fish bones mostly represented bonito (Sarda sarda), tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and shark (Carcharhinidae sp.). Among the mollusks, the shells of Triton trumpet, rarely found in the Roman-Byzantine Anatolia, were clearly used as trumpets. As Olympos was an important harbour with a strategic location by the Mediterranean Sea, its faunal remains shed new light on the coastal dietary habbit, animal economy, and cultural contacts in the Roman and Early Byzantine periods in Anatolia.
Animal Remains From Çakırbeyli-Küçüktepe Höyük Excavations, Western Anatolia
(ARMA Archaeologia Meandrica, 2023) Acar, Ayşe; Yaylalı, Serap
Çakırbeyli Küçüktepe Höyük is a mound site in western Anatolia, located 1.5 km north of Çakırbeyli village, Koçarlı district of Aydın province, Türkiye. This paper presents the first zooarchaeological report of the animal remains unearthed from the 2014-2016 excavations at Çakırbeyli-Küçüktepe Höyük. The aim was to record, identify and find animal-based subsistence at the site. Faunal assemblages from Early Bronze Age to Byzantine occupations of the site represents a total of 875 specimens were examined. The remains were identified by classifying them according to their genus and species. At first observation, representing 8 animal families, a total of 13 different species of mammals, reptiles and birds were identified. It appeared that Çakırbeyli- Küçüktepe people were both hunters and herders for their common subsistence. Although there were red deer, horses and cattle, sheep and goats (Ovicaprid) were found to be the most consumed species, comprising 89.60% of total identified specimens. Based on a few equid specimens, it appeared that horses were used at the site for transportation. The distribution of skeletal parts suggests on-site butchering practice. Heavy burn marks, especially around the edge, on a large number of bones suggest open fire or direct heat food processing. Overall, the identified species illustrate a mosaic of ecology and habitat exploitation as well as multiple aspects of humananimal relationships at Çakırbeyli-Küçüktepe Höyük.
Animal remains of Alaybeyi Höyük
(Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2019) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
This paper presents the zooarchaeological observations on animal remains of Alaybeyi Höyük unearthed from 2016 and 2017 excavation sessions. Dated to 4721–4553 cal. BC, Alaybeyi stands so far as the oldest archaeological settlement discovered in northeast Anatolia. Therefore, the faunal assemblage at Alaybeyi offers great opportunity to study the status of animals and their relationships with humans in the largely unexplored Kars-Erzurum plateau covering a period from the Chalcolithic to Late Iron Age. Taxonomic and osteometric analyses show that, like the present day, cattle were dominant over caprines, revealing extensive cattle pastoralism in the region for at least about 7 millennia. While caprines too were significant in the subsistence strategy of local humans, there was not any sign of raising pigs. Significant numbers of wild species including carnivores, aquatic mammals, and rodents, as well as resident and migratory birds, were also hunted by Alaybeyi people. Additionally, horse burials, horse cult, dog burials, and a rich number of dog bones present animals as versatile actors in various ritual and symbolic practices at the site.
Animals and pastoral groups in the mountainous Ömerli district of Southeast Anatolia
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2020) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Şanlı, Süleyman
Southeast Anatolia has been an ideal place for pastoralism since the Neolithic period. However, there is a lack of information on human–animal relationships from both archaeological settlements and contemporary societies in the region. Through ethnographic fieldwork and exploratory case studies in the mountainous Ömerli district, we explored the dependency and complex relationships between pastoral groups and various animal species in Southeast Anatolia. The case studies revealed affectionate and emotional bonds between shepherds and some individuals of domestic herds, similar to pet–human relationships in urban societies. Shepherds gave human names to certain animals; sometimes these were the names of their close friends or the names of their own children. Grief and prolonged grief was also common among Ömerli shepherds following the loss, death, or sale of these emotionally bonded animals. It was further observed that a single species (domestic or wild) often had complex and multi-purpose relationships with shepherd groups. While tortoises and hares, for instance, were used as sources of meat, the bone, blood, intestine, skin, and shell of these species were often used in traditional medicine. Although pastoral groups are completely dependent on domestic herds for their basic subsistence, Ömerli shepherds were observed to be regular hunters. It appears that the economic benefits were not the only promoters for pastoral subsistence in the study area; compassion and emotional affection for particular animals also reinforced enthusiasm for the practice. Therefore, it can be argued that the data obtained from pastoral villages in the mountainous Ömerli district help us understand interactions and relationships between humans and nonhuman animals in pastoral societies of Southeast Anatolia.
Anthrozoological study on the agro-pastoral societies of Kızıltepe, Southeast Anatolia
(İnsan ve İnsan, 2018) Şanlı, Süleyman; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Since the origin, humans have been depended and formed mixtures of complex relationships with nonhuman animals. These mutualistic relationships eventually intensified following the animal domestication. Southeast Anatolia is one of the important regions where the first domestication of sheep, goat, cattle, and pig occurred as well as domestic herds have been fundamental in every socio-cultural aspect in the region until today. Therefore, Southeast Anatolia has been an ideal place for pastoral and anthrozoological study. Through fieldworks and exploratory case studies in agro-pastoral societies in Kızıltepe, we found certain sheep, goats, and cattle are capable of distinguishing and recognizing human and other cross-species individuals as like they do in their own species. Alongside of providing protein, wealth and social status, herd animals in Kızıltepe also possess deep affection and emotional bonds with human individuals as like as pets in urban societies. On the other hand, we do not observe any gender or sibling effect in children-animal bond which was focused in some contemporary studies. Our overall observations and findings also demonstrate some intangible culture cores in Southeast Anatolia which is promoted mainly by the complex relationships between human and their domestic herds.

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