Antropoloji Bölümü

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Abluted capitalism: Ali Shariati's critique of capitalism in his reading of Islamic Economy
(Sage, 2015) Şengül, Serdar
Islamic sociologist Ali Shariati is a leading figure of the reconstruction of religious thought in the Islamic world known especially for his anti-capitalist stance and leftist reading of Islamic history. In the philosophy of history that he developed, he classified religions as religions of tawheed (unicity of God) and religions of shirk (multiple gods). According to this new reading of history, the main struggle is not between religion and secularism but between religions of tawheed and of sheerk. The issue of the gaining and the distribution of the property is central to his classification. Shariati argued that followers of tawheed and of sheerk can be found in all religions including Islam. To support his argument Shariati explored how capitalistic understanding of Islam has been developed and legalised while anti-capitalist messages and orders of Islam were marginalised and illegalised just after the death of the Prophet Mohammed. He analysed the rivalry between his close companions over the content of a proper Islamic economic order and how this rivalry gave way to two contradicting understanding of Islam, marks of which can be seen today in the contemporary Muslim world. He coined the term abluted capitalism' to define the economic policies of Muslim sovereigns to make Islam compatible with capitalist economic principles.
Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas-Early Holocene boundary at Kortiktepe, Southeastern Turkey
(Sage Journals, 2022) Emra, Stephanie; Benz, Marion; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Özkaya, Vecihi
The site of Körtiktepe in southeastern Turkey is one of few sites in the Upper Mesopotamia basin that attests continuous, permanent occupation across the boundary from end of the colder, drier Younger Dryas (YD) into the comparatively wetter and warmer Early Holocene (EH). This allows for the study of the degree of environmental change experienced on a local level over this boundary as well as for the study of the adaptations that the occupants of the site undertook in response to these changes. The mammal assemblage of Körtiktepe remains relatively stable across the YD – EH transition with the main contributors to diet being mouflon (Ovis orientalis) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in approximately the same quantities, although the contribution of aurochs (Bos primigenius) increases in the EH. The most significant changes can be seen in the shift in avifauna remains, with a sharp increase of waterbirds during the EH. It is proposed that these shifts reflect changes in the local environment with an increase in woodland cover as well as expansion of local waterways, which is generally consistent with previously published archaeobotanical studies. In terms of species exploited, mortality profiles as well as size distribution of mammals, a great deal of continuity is observed. This suggests that over this particular period the local impact of the beginning of the Early Holocene was not overly dramatic, allowing for cultural continuity of previously established subsistence strategies.
Adoption and abandon of camel culture in Southeast Anatolia
(Selçuk Efes Kent Belleği Yayınları, 2018) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Erdem, Çağdaş; Şanlı, Süleyman
Camels are exotic animals in Anatolia. Except the Palaeolithic site of Karain Cave, no pre-Bronze Age archaeological site reveals any camel remains so far in Anatolia. However, domestic camel became common and very significant in the Early Imperial as well as in the Roman and Byzantine Anatolia. Southeast Anatolian region, being the corridor between Anatolia and Mesopotamia, always played key roles since the early stage of the spread of camel culture in rest of Anatolia. Moreover, from the Bronze Age to nineteenth century onwards, camel pastoralism was very lucrative in Southeast Anatolia mainly because of trade, transport and warfare. While camel culture was gradually abandoned in rest of the Anatolia in the beginning of twentieth century, camels still remained as an important socio-cultural part of pastoral groups in Southeast Anatolia until last 30 years. In the light of archaeozoologic, ethnohistoric and ethnozoological data, this review is aimed to illustrate a glimpse of camel culture in Southeast Anatolia throughout different cultural periods in the region.
Anatolian farmers in Europe: migrations and cultural transformation in Early Neolithic period
(Amasya University, 2017) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 9000 B.C. in the Levant and the Central Anatolia. The managing process of different plant and animal species was spreading from the Central Anatolia to Southern and Western Anatolia during 8th millennium BC, and in 7th millennium BC into Southeast Europe by Anatolian farmers. Furthermore, this process appeared in Central Europe in the middle of 6th millennium BC and eventually in north-western Europe in the middle of 4th millennium BC by Anatolian Neolithic farmers. Archaeological evidences as well as ancient DNA studies testify this migrations and cultural exchange of Anatolian farmers which enforced the neolithization in Europe and inevitably changed Europe‟s face forever. This research is aimed to give a chronological glimpse of that migration and the cultural transformation process from the Central Anatolia to Europe between 9th millennium and 4th millennium BC.
Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia
(Science, 2022) Acar, Ayşe; Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Davtyan, Ruben
We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia.
Animal exploitation at the Olympos, southwestern Anatolia: Zooarchaeological analysis
(ScienceDirect, 2022) Onar, Vedat; Olcay-Uçkan, B. Yelda; Öztaşkin, Muradiye; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Öncü, Emre; Öztaşkin, Gökçen K.; Chrószcz, Aleksanderf
This study presents analysis of animal remains unearthed from 2006 to 2021 excavations at Olympos, an important city of ancient Lycia, southwestern Turkey. Seven faunal assemblages were unearthed from seven distinct areas of the city. Each of them was studied according to their distinct archaeological contexts. The zooarchaeological observation was based on taxonomic identification, species diversity, kill-off patterns, nature of bone modification, including taphonomic and anthropogenic marks, and type of species exploitation at the site. The results demonstrated that the majority of the specimens were consumption residues, comprising mainly of ungulate and carnivore mammals, birds and marine fish and mollusks. Goat remains were the most common in all the assemblages, which is consistent with common animal exploitation patterns in Anatolia. Fish bones mostly represented bonito (Sarda sarda), tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and shark (Carcharhinidae sp.). Among the mollusks, the shells of Triton trumpet, rarely found in the Roman-Byzantine Anatolia, were clearly used as trumpets. As Olympos was an important harbour with a strategic location by the Mediterranean Sea, its faunal remains shed new light on the coastal dietary habbit, animal economy, and cultural contacts in the Roman and Early Byzantine periods in Anatolia.
Animal Remains From Çakırbeyli-Küçüktepe Höyük Excavations, Western Anatolia
(ARMA Archaeologia Meandrica, 2023) Acar, Ayşe; Yaylalı, Serap
Çakırbeyli Küçüktepe Höyük is a mound site in western Anatolia, located 1.5 km north of Çakırbeyli village, Koçarlı district of Aydın province, Türkiye. This paper presents the first zooarchaeological report of the animal remains unearthed from the 2014-2016 excavations at Çakırbeyli-Küçüktepe Höyük. The aim was to record, identify and find animal-based subsistence at the site. Faunal assemblages from Early Bronze Age to Byzantine occupations of the site represents a total of 875 specimens were examined. The remains were identified by classifying them according to their genus and species. At first observation, representing 8 animal families, a total of 13 different species of mammals, reptiles and birds were identified. It appeared that Çakırbeyli- Küçüktepe people were both hunters and herders for their common subsistence. Although there were red deer, horses and cattle, sheep and goats (Ovicaprid) were found to be the most consumed species, comprising 89.60% of total identified specimens. Based on a few equid specimens, it appeared that horses were used at the site for transportation. The distribution of skeletal parts suggests on-site butchering practice. Heavy burn marks, especially around the edge, on a large number of bones suggest open fire or direct heat food processing. Overall, the identified species illustrate a mosaic of ecology and habitat exploitation as well as multiple aspects of humananimal relationships at Çakırbeyli-Küçüktepe Höyük.
Animal remains of Alaybeyi Höyük
(Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2019) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
This paper presents the zooarchaeological observations on animal remains of Alaybeyi Höyük unearthed from 2016 and 2017 excavation sessions. Dated to 4721–4553 cal. BC, Alaybeyi stands so far as the oldest archaeological settlement discovered in northeast Anatolia. Therefore, the faunal assemblage at Alaybeyi offers great opportunity to study the status of animals and their relationships with humans in the largely unexplored Kars-Erzurum plateau covering a period from the Chalcolithic to Late Iron Age. Taxonomic and osteometric analyses show that, like the present day, cattle were dominant over caprines, revealing extensive cattle pastoralism in the region for at least about 7 millennia. While caprines too were significant in the subsistence strategy of local humans, there was not any sign of raising pigs. Significant numbers of wild species including carnivores, aquatic mammals, and rodents, as well as resident and migratory birds, were also hunted by Alaybeyi people. Additionally, horse burials, horse cult, dog burials, and a rich number of dog bones present animals as versatile actors in various ritual and symbolic practices at the site.
Animals and pastoral groups in the mountainous Ömerli district of Southeast Anatolia
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2020) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Şanlı, Süleyman
Southeast Anatolia has been an ideal place for pastoralism since the Neolithic period. However, there is a lack of information on human–animal relationships from both archaeological settlements and contemporary societies in the region. Through ethnographic fieldwork and exploratory case studies in the mountainous Ömerli district, we explored the dependency and complex relationships between pastoral groups and various animal species in Southeast Anatolia. The case studies revealed affectionate and emotional bonds between shepherds and some individuals of domestic herds, similar to pet–human relationships in urban societies. Shepherds gave human names to certain animals; sometimes these were the names of their close friends or the names of their own children. Grief and prolonged grief was also common among Ömerli shepherds following the loss, death, or sale of these emotionally bonded animals. It was further observed that a single species (domestic or wild) often had complex and multi-purpose relationships with shepherd groups. While tortoises and hares, for instance, were used as sources of meat, the bone, blood, intestine, skin, and shell of these species were often used in traditional medicine. Although pastoral groups are completely dependent on domestic herds for their basic subsistence, Ömerli shepherds were observed to be regular hunters. It appears that the economic benefits were not the only promoters for pastoral subsistence in the study area; compassion and emotional affection for particular animals also reinforced enthusiasm for the practice. Therefore, it can be argued that the data obtained from pastoral villages in the mountainous Ömerli district help us understand interactions and relationships between humans and nonhuman animals in pastoral societies of Southeast Anatolia.
Anthrozoological study on the agro-pastoral societies of Kızıltepe, Southeast Anatolia
(İnsan ve İnsan, 2018) Şanlı, Süleyman; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Since the origin, humans have been depended and formed mixtures of complex relationships with nonhuman animals. These mutualistic relationships eventually intensified following the animal domestication. Southeast Anatolia is one of the important regions where the first domestication of sheep, goat, cattle, and pig occurred as well as domestic herds have been fundamental in every socio-cultural aspect in the region until today. Therefore, Southeast Anatolia has been an ideal place for pastoral and anthrozoological study. Through fieldworks and exploratory case studies in agro-pastoral societies in Kızıltepe, we found certain sheep, goats, and cattle are capable of distinguishing and recognizing human and other cross-species individuals as like they do in their own species. Alongside of providing protein, wealth and social status, herd animals in Kızıltepe also possess deep affection and emotional bonds with human individuals as like as pets in urban societies. On the other hand, we do not observe any gender or sibling effect in children-animal bond which was focused in some contemporary studies. Our overall observations and findings also demonstrate some intangible culture cores in Southeast Anatolia which is promoted mainly by the complex relationships between human and their domestic herds.
Assessment of Sex and Stature of Unknown Skeletal Remains: Cerrahpaşa Anatomy Collection
(2013) Ayşe ACAR; Mehmet Yaşar İŞCAN
Objective: Human skeletal parts are used in medical schools for anatomy education. Bones show the characteristics there are informative for deceased people. Anthropologist also used in the similar bones to assess by using metric and morphologic techniques to determine identification.The purpose of this investigation is to determine demographic characteristics such as sex and stature of people commingled in laboratories. The technique is less affective on samples with few remains. Material and Methods: The analysis is based on 319 unknown bones macerated from cadavera used in I.U. Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty anayomy labratories. Measurements were taken in mm with an osteometric board, digital and sliding calipers and steel tape. Results: Sex determination is based on humeral and femoral head diameters. Stature was calculated from Trotter’s regression formulae. Results indicated that there were 21 males (stature=166 cm) and 34 females (stature=154 cm) from the humeral head diameter. Results from the femur were 27 males (stature=165 cm) and 34 females (stature=156 cm) from the femoral head diameter. Conclusion: As a result, unknown sex and collection with a good preservation can asist forensic scientist to develop techniques to identify remains found in mass disasters (plane crash, earthquake and similar disasters). Therefore, these remains can be used in forensic anthropological research even though their number is limited and they lack information about the sample. It assists to understand biological nature of a skeletal population.
Bangladesh: A Potential Prehistoric Corridor between South and Southeast Asia
(CenRaPS Journal of Social Sciences, 2020) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Bengal Delta has been a favorable land for dense vegetation and diverse fauna, which were vital for the survival of prehistoric human groups. Although there is a lack of large-scale archaeological exploration, records of stone tools from a series of locations including Sitakunda hill of Chittagong, Chhagalnaiya of Feni, Lalmai-Mainamati region of Comilla, Wari-Bateshwar area of Narsingdi, and Chaklapunji of Habiganj indicate the movements of prehistoric people along the elevated topographic lands of Bangladesh. There are also records of a large number of prehistoric locations in Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Assam, Bihar and West Bengal of India, some of them are very close to and often share equal palaeo-geographical settings with Bangladesh. Particularly over forty prehistoric locations in the neighboring Garo Hills and Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, and over two hundred Palaeolithic locations in Bardhaman, Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia and Midnapur districts of West Bengal signify the busy movements of archaic human groups across Bengal Delta. Besides, the prehistoric tools of east and southeastern Bangladesh demonstrate strong techno-typological resemblances with prehistoric assemblages of the Irrawaddy valley of Myanmar. Presenting some vital palaeo-environmental and archaeological records, this study primarily aims to present the hypothesis that, during the sea level fluctuations in the Pleistocene, the deltaic arcs of Bengal Basin were parts of a possible route for archaic human groups’ dispersal across South and Southeast Asia. It also highlights the importance of large-scale systematic explorations and recording of prehistoric locations in Bangladesh, particularly to understand its potentials in world prehistory.
A cat skeleton from the balatlar church excavation, sinop, Turkey
(MDPI AG, 2021) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Onar, Vedat; Köroğlu, Gülgün; Armutak, Altan; Öncü, Öğül Emre; Chrószcz, Aleksander
In the 2015 excavation season, an east–west oriented burial (2015-Grave-14) built with large dimension stone blocks was unearthed on the south edge of “Area IVi” at the Balatlar Church in Sinop, on the northeastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. In this grave, which is dated between the end of the 6th century AD and the first half of the 7th century AD, a human skeleton was found with the head to the west and a cat skeleton was carefully placed next to the right femur. This study on the burial and the cat skeleton within it shows that, compared to the Roman period, the status of cats reached a higher level during the Byzantine period. It was found that alongside of being a pet, the Balatlar cat was a young healthy female individual that instinctively hunted rodents and birds, given that the remains of a rat and a sparrow were found in the region of the abdominal cavity, corresponding with the stomach location in the living animal. The grave presents the most significant direct archaeological evidence of a pet–human bond recorded at any Byzantine site so far.
Common Animals for Elite Humans: the Late Ottoman Fauna from Mardin Fortress, Southeastern Anatolia (Turkey)
(SpringerLink, 2022) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
This paper presents the frst investigation of animal remains unearthed from the Late Ottoman occupation at Mardin fortress, a military stronghold in Anatolian–Syrian frontier under Ottoman rule. The analysis produced 4234 specimens and carried out taxonomic identifcation, species diversity, kill-of patterns, and nature of bone modifcation, including those of taphonomic and cultural marks. Being the frst zooarchaeological study of an Ottoman occupation in southeastern Anatolia, the results add vital information to the paucity of archaeological knowledge of life and dietary habits of regional Ottoman elite soldiers, and ofer a glimpse into the local pastoralism and wildlife of that time.
CONTRIBUTION OF NGO's TO THE INTEGRATION OF SYRIAN IMMIGRANTS IN MARDIN
(TRANSNATIONAL PRESS LONDON, 2019) Şanlı, Süleyman
This study particularly focuses on how NGOs based in the city centre of Mardin offer services and their role in Syrian refugees, migrants integration. It is important that how immigrants absorb the changes and challenges faced in the destination and how embedded these after their settlement as an expression of integration. This study collected data through in-depth interviews with seven NGOs (4 foreign and 3 local) based in Mardin. Alongside the fieldwork, some documents including news items, internet portals, and reports, are used to support the study. Due to ethical practice codes, names of the respondents and their organisations are not revealed. Pseudonymes are used to refer to respondents.
Cranial size and shape sexual dimorphism in the Kangal dog from Turkey
(Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), 2020) Pars-Casanova, Pere M.; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Onar, Vedat
This study has so far been the first attempt to characterize and quantify skull sexual variation in Kangal dog, by means of geometric morphometric techniques. A sample of 16 adult Kangal crania has been analyzed with this purpose. To obtain a full image of morphological pattern, digital pictures were taken from the ventral, left lateral, and dorsal sides of each skull, and a total of 16, 15, and 16 landmarks respectively were obtained on each image. Skull size and shape differed significantly in all aspects among different sexes, male skulls being bigger. Shape differences were observed mainly on zygomatic arch and muzzle on the dorsal view, pterygoid bone and articular surface to mandibular condyle in the lateral aspect, and cranial width and maxillary bone on the ventral view. Although the sample was comparatively small in number, being the first geometric morphometric approach applied on the Kangal dog, the obtained results will add vital information particularly to understand the cranial shape sexual dimorphism of this unique dog breed in Turkey.
Did the historical range of the European bison (Bison bonasus L.) extend further south?—a new finding from the Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray excavation, Turkey
(Mammal Research, 2017) Onar, Vedat; Soubrier, Julien; Toker, Nezir Yaşar; Llamas, Bastien; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Pasicka, Edyta; Tokarska, Malgorzata
The origin of the European bison (Bison bonasus, Linnaeus, 1758) has been widely discussed and investigated in recent years. The species had a wide historic geographic distribution throughout the European continent during the middle and late Holocene, ranging from France in the west to the Caucasus in the east. However, archaeological evidence is needed to resolve the southern extent of the European bison distribution. We discovered one bison skull fragment during archaeological excavations in 2008 in the area of Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray (Turkey). Radiocarbon dating indicated the skull was deposited during the Byzantine period (seventh to eighth century AD). Mitochondrial genome analyses provided clear evidence that the skull was from a European bison. This is the first unambiguous evidence of the presence of this species in southeastern Europe during Byzantine times, which validates the historical written records of a potentially wider range of the European bison in historical times.
Do we need them or they need us? –anthrozoological study on domestic herds in Southeast Anatolia
(Istanbul Universitesi, 2017) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Özkan, Ermiş; Onar, Vedat
Anthrozoology is the study of the relationships between human and animals. This newly developed field incorporates with some other disciplines such as animal behaviour science, veterinary medicine, zoology, psychology, physiology, philosophy, sociology and anthropology. Animals have great roles in our lives and we in theirs. We ensure food, shelter and protection for animals, and in returns, they provide companionship, happiness, nourishment, wealth and sustainability in our society. Since the beginning of animal domestication, this mutual understanding developed with many complex relationships between us. Anthrozoology emphasises on these positive relationships. Anatolia is one of the significant places where humans first domesticated some ungulate species around 11000 years ago in Early Neolithic period, and still today, this region is considered to be one of the most important places for domestic herds, especially ovicaprid population in the world. Therefore, this region is a crucial place for studying different aspects of interactions between humans and domestic herds. Unfortunately, no significant research has been taken in the region so far regarding this issue. Through participant observations and exploratory case studies, this anthrozoological field research on pastoral societies in Southeast Anatolia aimed to explore how deeply are we involved with domestic animals and they are with us.
Ethno-archaeological notes on hunter-gatherer Munda people in tropical rainforests of north-eastern Bangladesh
(Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, 2016) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Habib, Ahsan
Avcı-toplayıcı gruplar bu evrendeki en eski ve muhtemelen en başarılı insan uyumunu örneklendirmektedir. 12.000 yıl öncesine kadar, toprak ekim sistemine geçilinceye kadar, tüm insanlık avcı-toplayıcı olarak yaşamıştır. Dolayısıyla günümüz avcı-toplayıcı toplumları üzerine yapılan araştırmalar insan yaşamının şehirleşmeden önceki hayatına dair temel sorulara ışık tutabilir. Dahası, insanları doğal yaşam alanlarından çeviren süreçler hakkında da bilgi içerebilir. Palkichara köyündeki Munda topluluğu, sosyoekonomik olarak kontrol edilen yerel çay üretimine rağmen atalarının takip ettiği yaşam tarzı açısından benzersiz olarak görülmektedir. Avcılık ve toplayıcılık, aile, toplum ve kültürel hayatlarına yansıması olan iki temel yaşam kaynağıdır. Dolayısıyla, doğayla tam bir ilişki içinde ve dünyanın kalan kısmıyla bağı zayıf olan Palkichara köyündeki Munda topluluğu tarih öncesi avcı-toplayıcı topluluklar hakkında bazı görüntüler sunabilir. Bu çalışma, Palkichara köyündeki Munda kabilesi insanlarının ilkel yaşamı neden ve nasıl devam ettirdiği gibi soruları ve geleneksel avcı-toplayıcı yöntem ve tekniklerin çeşitli boyutlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Exotic animals in Byzantine capital: Aspects of human animal relationship in faunal remains of Yenikapı-Marmaray excavation
(2017) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Onar, Vedat
Testimonies of Byzantium and foreign visitors endorse the wonders of exotic animals in Constantinople. Exotic animals were paraded in the streets, displayed in court rituals, hunted with emperors and also brought into animal combats in the presence of emperor and empress. Besides the Imperial Park, Byzantines had animal farms where beasts were raised for eventual use in the Hippodrome. Exotic animals were presented to different rulers by Byzantine emperors. At the same time, exotic animal imagery decorated many desires and aspects of the daily life of Byzantine urbanites. Inevitably, exotic animals were highly sought-after objects to Byzantines and, therefore, they were regularly imported from possible furthermost regions to fulfil aspires in the capital. A large number of faunal remains of exotic species such as Cercopithecidae sp., Cervidae sp., Capra ibex L., Elephantidae sp., Ursidae sp., Gazella gazella L., Vulpes sp., Struthio sp., Bison sp. have been found in Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray rescue excavation along with a huge amount of marine and land fauna. Consumption of these species, including carnivores, is observed besides extensive marks and evidences on these bones. Covering an area of 58,000m2, this excavation area was the Theodosius harbour which was the second largest port in Constantinople. Being a very significant international trade centre and one of the major ports in Empire, remains of exotic animals in Yenikapı examine previous testimonies and show new aspects on human animal relationship in Byzantine time.

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