FONEMÊN KURDÎ YÊN KURDZAN Û GEROKÊN EWRÛPÎ Û AMERÎKÎ (1787-1887)
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2016
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Abstract
Di vê xebatê de em fonemên kurdî yên fîlologên (kurdzanên) ewrûpî û amerîkî yên sedsala pêşîn a kurdzaniyê (ji 1787an heta 1887an Maurizio Garzoni, Peter Simon Pallas, Giuseppe Campanile, Îlya Nîkolayevîç Berezîn), Peter Lerch, Aleksander Borejko Chodzko, Alexandre Auguste Jaba, Samuel A. Rhea, Albert Houtum-Schindler, Eugen Prym, Albert Socin dibînin. Ji bo peyv û hevokên kurdî yên di kitêb û gotarên xwe de rast binivîsin alfabeya roman û krîl li kurdî anîne. Hinekên van bi herfên roman li ser bingeha ebceda farisî nivîsîne. Hinekên van herfên roman ên xwedî hêjahiya fonetîk a herfên ebceda kurdî bijartine. Paşê em gerokên ewrûpî û amerîkî yên heman sedsalê û di derbarê nivîsandina bi fonemên xwe yên kurdî de ferqa wan a ji fîlologan dibînin: wan bi piranî bi fonemên zimanên xwe yên maderî bi kurdî nivîsîne; pir kêm ji bo nivîsandina kurdî fonem peyda kirine. Gerokên sereke yên vê sedsalê yên ku di gernamên xwe de bi kurdî jî nivîsîne ev in: Johann Anton Güldenstädt, Julius Heinrich Klaproth, Claudius James Rich, Karl Heinrich Emil Ludwig Koch, Austin Henry Layard û Moritz Wagner. Di encamê de em analîzên berfireh ên di derbarê fonemên kurdî yên van fîlolog û gerokên jorîn de dikin.
In this thesis we study you will find the main European and American philologists (kurdologists) who had written in Kurdish language and its dialects using a lot of different letters of Roman, Cyrillic and linguistic alphabets in the first century of kurdology, from 1787 to 1887. These philologists were Maurizio Garzoni, Peter Simon Pallas, Giuseppe Campanile, Ilya Nikolaevich Berezin, Peter Lerch, Aleksander Borejko Chodzko, Alexandre Auguste Jaba, Samuel A. Rhea, Albert Houtum-Schindler, Eugen Prym, Albert Socin. They had created several special phonemes to write Kurdish voices. They had adapted Roman alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet and linguistic alphabet (standard phonetic alphabet) to write Kurdish words and sentences in their books or articles. Some of them had used an alphabet of transcription based on Perso-Arabic abjad. Some of them had preferred an alphabet of transcription based on Kurdo-Arabic abjad. Then we study the European and American travellers of the same century, from 1787 to 1887, and their main difference from European and American philologists about writing Kurdish phonemes: they had usually written their Kurdish words or sentences using their mother tongues’ phonemes; they had rarely created some phonemes to write in Kurdish. These travellers were Johann Anton Güldenstädt, Julius Heinrich Klaproth, Claudius James Rich, Karl Heinrich Emil Ludwig Koch, Austin Henry Layard and Moritz Wagner. In conclusion we make detailed analyses about the mentioned philologists and travellers’ Kurdish phonemes.
In this thesis we study you will find the main European and American philologists (kurdologists) who had written in Kurdish language and its dialects using a lot of different letters of Roman, Cyrillic and linguistic alphabets in the first century of kurdology, from 1787 to 1887. These philologists were Maurizio Garzoni, Peter Simon Pallas, Giuseppe Campanile, Ilya Nikolaevich Berezin, Peter Lerch, Aleksander Borejko Chodzko, Alexandre Auguste Jaba, Samuel A. Rhea, Albert Houtum-Schindler, Eugen Prym, Albert Socin. They had created several special phonemes to write Kurdish voices. They had adapted Roman alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet and linguistic alphabet (standard phonetic alphabet) to write Kurdish words and sentences in their books or articles. Some of them had used an alphabet of transcription based on Perso-Arabic abjad. Some of them had preferred an alphabet of transcription based on Kurdo-Arabic abjad. Then we study the European and American travellers of the same century, from 1787 to 1887, and their main difference from European and American philologists about writing Kurdish phonemes: they had usually written their Kurdish words or sentences using their mother tongues’ phonemes; they had rarely created some phonemes to write in Kurdish. These travellers were Johann Anton Güldenstädt, Julius Heinrich Klaproth, Claudius James Rich, Karl Heinrich Emil Ludwig Koch, Austin Henry Layard and Moritz Wagner. In conclusion we make detailed analyses about the mentioned philologists and travellers’ Kurdish phonemes.
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Keywords
Kurdî, Kurdzan, Gerok, Alfabe, Fonem, Dengdar, Dengder, Kurdish, Kurdologist, Traveller, Alphabet, Phoneme, Consonant, Vowel