Arkeoloji Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/68

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Aras Vadisi’ne Açılan Kapı : Elmagöl-Pamuk Geçidi Urartu Karakolu
(2021) ÖZFIRAT AYNUR
Doğubayazıt Ovası’ ndan Aras Vadisi ve Güney Kafkasya’ya açılan yol üzerindeki stratejik Pamuk Geçidi’nde tahkimli bir Urartu sitadelinin (Elmagöl-Pamuk Geçidi) kalıntıları bulunur. Ağrı Dağı’nın kuzeybatı eteklerindeki bir tepede kurulmuş bu sitadel ve doğu eteklerindeki aşağışehir entegre bir ulaşım zincirinin halkalarından biridir. Sitadelin, tasarım özelliği ve boyutları bakımından bir konaklama istasyonu ve güvenliği sağlayan bir karakol olarak hizmet vermek üzere planlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Söz konusu Urartu tesisinin MÖ 8. yüzyılın başlarında Minuhinili’nin (Karakoyunlu) kuruluşundan hemen sonra önem kazanan yolları denetim altında bulundurmak amacıyla inşa olması mümkündür .
Communal architecture at Boncuklu Tarla, Mardin province, Turkey
(Near Eastern Archaeology, 2021) Kodaş, Ergül
Villages of the Preceramic Neolithic in the Near East are marked by a new style of construction, created to play a new, essential function. Indeed, it is in this period that, outside of residential habitations, communal buildings make their first appearance in the heart of Near Eastern villages. It is without doubt one of the first clear, historical attestations of social differentiation/organization in architecture. Truly, reflections on such constructions lead one to attribute to them adjectives aimed at encapsulating their supposed functions, such as “collective,” “communal,” “monumental,” “public,” “cultic,” “storage structures,” or even “megalithic” (Aurenche and Kozlowski 2000; Stordeur 2014; Watkins 2006; Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2014; Hauptmann 2012). The terminology here reflects considerably varying interpretations, often complementary and essentially derived from the architectural data, as the buildings reveal ground plans and internal structures that are quite distinct.
Melekli-Kultepe (Igdir) Mound, Urartian Fortress and Columbarium in Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu) on the northern slope of Mt Agri
(MERSIN UNIV PUBL RES CENTER CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 2017) Ozfirat, Aynur
In this article the Urartian settlement in Melekli-Igdir is discussed together with the new sites investigated during the Mt Agri survey and the excavations undertaken at the Melekli-Kultepe Columbarium by P. F. Petrov (1913) and K. Balkan (1966). The most remarkable sites of Mt Agri survey are those described as complex settlements, these are Melekli and Karakoyunlu on the north foot and Bozkurt on the south foot. These kinds of settlements spread over a vast area were inhabited for a long period between the Late Chalcolithic Period and the Middle Iron Age (Urartu) or the Late Iron Age (Achaemenid), related to each other. There are mounds, fortresses, lower cities and cemeteries that comprise different periods in the horizontal stratification system at each one of these complex settlements in important locations. Melekli and Karakoyunlu located at the north foothills of Mt Agri and Igdir Plain - Aras Valley posses complexes of the area with the most important archaeological finds. Melekli and Karakoyunlu are important centers also for the Early Iron Age and Middle Iron Age (Urartu). This region was taken within the Urartian borders in the conquest of Eriqua, an Early Iron Age local kingdom, and a new province was established by the Urartian King Minua (810-785/780 BC). Besides its fertile soils, the Igdir Plain - Aras Valley was also important with regards to being a gateway point for southern Transcaucasia-northwestern Iran. According to the inscriptions, King Minua built his new city Minuahinili at Karakoyunlu (Fortress II) as the center of the new province besides another Fortress (Bulakbasi 2). Numerous new Urartian fortresses which were detected in our research indicate that the city of Minuahinili had developed through the new settlement over the course of adjustments conducted at this region and Southern Caucasia-Northwestern Iran by both Minua and the subsequent kings: Melekli-Lanetlitepe and Bozkurt Fortress II were outposts - road stations situated on both sides of the Mt Agri western pass; Omeraga-Golyuzu Fortress was the central fortress located at the southern slope; the Aktas Fortress was a garrison-city on the northern slope. Melekli Urartian settlement contains an outpost - road station (Lanetlitepe Fortress), which was probably established by King Minua. Its inhabitation seems to have persisted without interruption, together with the settlement and columbarium at Kultepe Mound and the fort (?) (Deliktas Mound). Melekli, with its location at the west end of the plain and on the Mt Agri - southern Transcaucasia - northwestern Iran gateway, was the most important point between the city of Minuahinili and Eastern Anatolia.
Memory of destroyed Khorsabad, Victor Place, and the story of a shipwreck
(Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2021) Genç, Bülent
Victor Place was appointed as a consul to Mosul in 1851, where having arrived in 1852 he started excavations at Khorsabad. Financial problems forced him to stop this activity towards the end of 1853. As the Interior Ministry appointed him to another post in 1854, he wanted to transport the Khorsabad finds before he left Mosul. However, the roads were extremely unsafe because of the Muntafiq Arab tribes' revolt. The local authorities repeatedly warned Place about this problem, stressing that he should wait until after the revolt was over before leaving. But despite these warnings, Place transported the Khorsabad finds from Mosul to Baghdad by keleks (rafts). The plan was then to transport them to Basra from Baghdad. Place set off on the river with a fleet made up of four keleks and a ship. Smuggled goods loaded on the ship made it heavier and attracted the attention of looters. On 21 May 1855, the fleet was attacked by bandits in the region of Kurna, located between Baghdad and Basra. The ship and two keleks sank at the spot, while the remaining two keleks arrived at Basra with some of the rescued goods. Various attempts to retrieve the sunken finds then followed. This article accordingly considers new data on the Kurna accident, drawing on Ottoman archival sources, particularly reports written at the time that discussed the possible causes of the accident and the negligent actions linked to it. As the destroyed memory of Khorsabad makes clear, archaeology cannot be rushed.
New Urartian Inscriptions from Malazgirt, East Turkey, and the Localization of the City of Mezaiani
(AMER ORIENTAL SOC, 2023) Işık, Kenan; Genç, Bülent
Located in the northwest of the Lake Van basin, the city of Malazgirt was an important area of the kingdom of Urartu from its earliest period due to its strategic location. Inscriptions of king Minua (810–785/80 BCE) mention important construction projects, including fortresses, temples, and irrigation canals, in and around Malazgirt. This article deals with the Urartian presence in Malazgirt, presents new Urartian inscriptions, and considers their significance for historical geography. Particularly important is the Leter stele, which informs us of the correct reading of the name of the irrigation canal built by King Minua—Mezaiani, the antecedent form of Malazgirt. Another stele documents the agricultural activities of King Argišti (780–756 bc).
Özfırat, A., "Bronze and Iron Age Cemetery of Ani-Kars
(2021) ÖZFIRAT AYNUR
This paper analyses the Bronze and Iron Age of Ani. The evidence of these periods was mostly obtained from the cemetery and some wall remains in the mediaevel city.
Spectroscopic and microscopic analysis of yarn sample found in Başur Höyük Early Bronze Age Cemetery
(Elsevier, 2023) Sağlamtimur, Haluk; Gündüz Balpetek, Fatma; Süpüren Mengüç, Gamze; Batıhan, Metin; Aydoğan, İnan; Özmen Batıhan, Öznur; Boz, Serkan; Demsar, Andrej
The Early Bronze Age cemetery at Başur Höyük (Siirt, Türkiye), dated back to the 3rd millennium BC, contains a wide range of ancient artifacts. Thousands of finds consisting of various metal objects, pottery, stone and textile artifacts were excavated from the site, where a total of 18 graves were found and excavated. The well-preserved textile artifacts, found especially on metal objects, are the subject of the present article. The article presents the initial results of the joint work of the archaeologists and textile engineers involved in the archaeological excavation project at Başur Höyük. The paper presents general information about the uses of the textile materials found in the Başur Höyük EBA burial site and the Başur Höyük graves, concluded on the basis of their relationship with the other excavated materials. In addition, the results of the quantitative analyses of the yarn artifact is presented, which were carried out using non-destructive analytical methods, such as: FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The infrared spectra of the yarn sample indicate the cellulose origin of the ancient fibers.
Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey
(Elsevier, 2022) Kodaş, Ergül; Yelözer, Sera; Çiftçi, Yunus; Baysal, Emma L.
Among the artefacts of fundamental importance in the context of symbolism and iconography during the Neolithization process in northern Mesopotamia, there is much research about, and publication relating to, human figurines or statues, animal figurines or statues, figured stone objects, stone vessels, bone plaques, wall decoration (paint, relief, or incision) and stone pillars. While among these various research topics bone plaques have been noticeably less studied than other classes of small finds, they are gradually gaining importance. From the figurative and typological perspective, these objects carry importance for their visual characteristics and their regional variety, but it is notable that their typological differences and functions are still not well understood. This study opens a new debate about the techno-typological characteristics, regional distribution, and modes of use of these objects starting from a group of bone plaques recovered from burial contexts during the excavations of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement of Boncuklu Tarla in southeast Turkey. Portable symbolic artefacts are found to show significant overlaps between materials, iconography and use as well as regional identities and temporal continuities in techniques and decoration.
A text of Shalmaneser I from Üçtepe and the location of Šinamu
(Anatolian Studies, 2022) Genç, Bülent; Macginnis, John
This article presents a newly discovered cuneiform text from the site of üçtepe in Diyarbaklr province in southeastern Turkey. The text bears a previously unknown inscription of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I. While incomplete, it never-theless gives the most extensive lists of the conquests of Shalmaneser I yet known, including a number of previously unattested toponyms. This is in itself an important contribution to the historical documentation of the Middle Assyrian period. Furthermore, the fact that the text was written to record Shalmaneser's rebuilding of the city wall of Sinamu allows us to propose that üçtepe is to be identified with the site of ancient Šinamu, known to have been an important centre from the late third millennium BC and subsequently a regional capital in the provincial system of the Middle Assyrian empire. This is a significant advance on our previous understanding of the historical geography of the region. These issues are discussed in the context of the Middle Assyrian occupation of the Upper Tigris and the results of the archaeological exploration of recent decades.
The Tuspa Mound Columned Hall
(Archaeopress, 2023) Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan
Tuspa, the capital city of the Urartian kingdom, today identified with the Van Fortress, rises on a conglomerate rock and extends approximately 1,250 meters long in the east-west direction, 70-80 meters wide in the north-south and rises approximately 100 meters high on the eastern shores of Lake Van. The Tuspa Mound, which has been continuously settled since the Bronze Age, was the lower settlement of the city during the Urartian period and extends along the north of the citadel. The excavations carried out between 2010-2019 at the Tuspa Citadel and Mound revealed important chronological and stratigraphic data. The Tuspa Mound excavations in particular unearthed structure layers, as well as the architectural and material culture, related to the Urartian period. The identification of building levels belonging to the Middle and Modern Ages, Post-Urartian/Late Iron Age, Urartian, Early Iron, and Bronze Ages has provided important contributions to understanding the settlement history of the Lake Van Basin. In this article, the structure and archaeological data of the columned hall belonging to the Early Urartian Building Level, which was unearthed as a result of 10 years of excavation at Tuspa Mound are evaluated and the results are interpreted.
Urartian Cult of the Stelae and New Discoveries at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic (Ashotakert)
(Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 2022) Kuvanç, Rıfat; Işık, Kenan; Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan
The Urartian Kingdom is recognized for its idiosyncratic religious architecture and ritual practices. Tower-temples (susi) at the peak of citadels, dedicated to the "national" god Haldi constitute the most essential element of religious architecture. Additionally, cult areas with an altar and uninscribed stelae on pedestals, best known from Erzincan/Altuitepe, demonstrate that there were different types of sanctuaries in the Urartian world. Veneration of stelae is also known from depictions in seal-impressions. Recent discoveries of an open-air sanctuary with stelae at Varto/Kayandere and uninscribed stelae at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic bear witness to the wide distribution of this cult. Although discoveries at Altintepe and Varto/Kayandere led to an association of stelae with funerary cults, inscriptions that speak of Haldi worship in front of stelae (pulusi) strongly suggest that stelae sanctuaries on the slopes of citadels must be related with the Haldi cult, in whose name susi and temple complexes (E.BARA) were built in citadels.
An Urartian irrigation canal in the Gürpınar Plain, Van, Eastern Turkey
(Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 2022) sevin, Veli; Özfırat, Aynur
One of the most remarkable building projects carried out during the reign of the Urartian king Sarduri II (755–730 BC) was the construction of the Sardurihinili (Çavuştepe) fortress, 20 km south of Tushpa, the Urartian capital, in Eastern Turkey. In the Urartian inscription on the Çavustepe Irmushini Temple, there is mention of vineyards and gardens that were irrigated by means of a channel bringing water from the Gugunaini stream. About 3 km south of the Sardurihinili fortress, there are the remains of a large Urartian irrigation system. A canal constructed from the Güzelsu (Hoşap) stream flowed over an artificial bed about 15 km long and was used for irrigation of the 190 km2 Gürpınar Plain. This irrigation system, which was built to increase the agricultural production capacity of the region, could be the channel mentioned in the Çavuştepe inscription. The channel is one of the most remarkable and recently discovered Urartian mastery in water management.
An Urartian irrigation canal in the Gürpınar Plain, Van, Eastern Turkey
(2022) ÖZFIRAT AYNUR
One of the most remarkable building projects carrieds out during the reign of the Urartian king Sarduri II was the concuriction of the sardurihinili foresess, 20 km south of Tuşhpa, the Urartian capital, in Eastern Turkey.
The younger Dryas layer at Boncuklu Tarla and the beginning of village life in the upper Tigris Basin
(ScienceDirect, 2023) Kodaş, Ergül
Recent archaeological excavations in the Boncuklu Tarla, Çemka Hoyük, ¨ and Kortik ¨ Tepe settlements in the Upper Tigris Basin have provided a number of finds from the pre-PPNA Period, the Younger Dryas. The new data also opens up the concept of the Proto-Neolithic Period to discussion again, which has been controversial for a long time in the East Jazeera and Northwest Zagros Region. In this context, architectural remains and other small finds discovered in the Boncuklu Tarla settlement area make it possible to re-examine the transition to sedentary life in the Upper Tigris Basin during the Late Epipalaeolithic/Proto-Neolithic Period and the PPNA Period. These archaeological finds show that there were some semi-sedentary or sedentary communities in the Upper Tigris Basin, which exhibits unique geographical and climatic features, starting with the Younger Dryas Period. This is different from the Natufian culture that is thought to have emerged in the Mediterranean temperate climate zone and is known only in the Southern Levant Region.

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