İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü

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Democracy or Hypocrisy in John Le Carre’s The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
(2013) Durmuş, Erdinç
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold is an espionage novel of John Le Carre which takes place in the 1950s and early 1960s. The world war is over but the cold war still continues severely at that time. The western world has perpetuated the vital importance of democracy over the years. In this respect The Spy unveils such untouched issues of the western world. Le Carre highlights the conflicts of the western world. The Spy is the story of the victimization of some people for the sake of society. Within this context, Le Carre deduces the hypocrisy of the west. This study aims to set sight on the experiences of the main character and to uncover the hypocrisy behind democracy.
Hart Crane’s The Bridge as an Example of Modernist Poetry
(2014) Durmuş, Erdinç
This particular poem of Hart Crane is a good example of American modernist poetry. Crane’s The Bridge has been the subject of a lot of debate since its publication. Crane comes from a wealthy family and is an American Romantic poet who observes the richness of life in his poetry. In this long epic poem, the poet is inspired by the Brooklyn Bridge. For him, the bridge stands for the creative power of man. The poet considers the poem as an epic synthesis of the country and its structural identity. There is a kind of a search in the poem and this search of the poet is the one for the real American past and the characteristics of present America that will determine her future. The poet tries to come up with a view of what he calls the American experience in the poem. He adopts the Brooklyn Bridge as the poem’s supporting symbol and talks about and celebrates various people and places. Keywords: Modernist, Brooklyn Bridge, Poetry, Criticism, America
Irish Youth and Inertia in James Joyce’xxs Dubliners
(2018) Durmuş, Erdinç
IRISH YOUTH AND INERTIA IN JAMES JOYCE’S DUBLINERS Abstract James Joyce who was born in 1882 in Dublin, the capital city of Ireland that had been colonized by England from the middle of the 17th century to the first quarter of the 20th century, published his first novel Dubliners in 1914. The novel is likely to be considered as a bildungsroman of Ireland’s society since it focuses on the growth of the whole community rather than the focus on the psychological and moral growth of only one protagonist. Composed of four stages each of which narrates a different stage of the society (namely; childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life)the novel is consisted of fifteen stories. The setting of all the stories is the city of Dublin where (as Joyce narrates) paralyses, stagnancy and inertia seem to have haunted the lives of the public. Inertia, in Merriam Webster, is defined as the lack of movement or activity especially when movement or activity is wanted or needed. In the field of physics, it is defined as “a property of matter by which something that is not moving remains still and something that is moving goes at the same speed and in the same direction until another thing or force affects it.” Inertia is also known to be the feeling of the lack of the energy that helps mobilization, which makes the change in situations where motion, action and change are necessary. Considering the fact that every single molecule across the universe is on the move, what is being implied here is not that the substance stands still; rather, it is the fact that its perpetuum mobile or momentum is preserved in a constant pace. People are usually aware of the problems stemming from the negative cases in which they are entrapped. However, despite the fact that they – more or less – have the knowledge concerning how to resolve these problems, they are not enthusiastic to take any action. They find themselves in a constantly negative situation that prevents them from taking the first step, or in a state of mind that helps the momentum keep on going in a constant pace. Inertia, in other words, may as well be defined as the state of not being able to take the necessary action at the right time and in the right space. Against such a backdrop and drawing on the two stories all characters of which are adolescents, this article aims to reveal how destructive the state of inertia could be for those individuals and societies who do not handle their necessities in the right place at the right time.
John Milton’s Influence on Poets, Writers and Composers of His Period and Aftermath
(2014) Durmuş, Erdinç
John Milton is doubtless one of the most important and influential poets in English Language and Literature. He has always been a major influence in literature both during his lifetime and after his death. His reputation among the readers and the poets is a known fact since it has been proven that several writers and poets frequently wrote under the influence of this great epic poet. Milton was an artist who had written about various subjects, he was both a poet and a renowned prose writer. As he had something to say about every field of life his admirers and followers were not necessarily from just one category. Many people, including politicians, poets, writers, composers found something valuable in Milton and his works. The purpose of this article is to reevaluate Milton’s controversial works and lay down the influence of Milton on the mentioned figures of the period and aftermath.
MARXIST CRITICISM, THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND WALTER BENJAMIN
(2017) Durmuş, Erdinç
Marxist edebiyat eleştirisi Marxist politik düşünceler üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Marksist eleştiri, 1850'lerde Marx'ın, kültür ve toplum hakkında önemli açıklamalarda bulunmasına rağmen, 20. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış bir olgudur. Marx’a göre, ideoloji, politika ve sanat gibi bir toplumun üst yapısını oluşturan öğeler o toplumun ekonomik yapısı tarafından belirlenir. Karl Marx "Komünist Manifesto" adlı eserinde komünizmin temel kavramlarını tartışır ve toplumların ve ekonomik sistemlerinin sınıfsız bir toplum yaratmak için sürekli bir evrim sürecinde olduğunu iddia eder. Marksist eleştiride önemli olan husus, edebiyatın, bu edebiyatın üretildiği toplumun ideolojik ve ekonomik gerçeklerinden ayrı tutulamayacağı ya da izole edilemeyeceği yönündedir. Diğer taraftan, pratikte bir neo-Marxist olan Frankfurt Okulu, aydınlanma geleneğinin bir eleştirisidir. Radikal değişim ve iki okul arasındaki eleştiri farkı entelektüel temeldedir. Aslında bir toplumsal araştırma kurumu olan Frankfurt Okulu yeni bir neo-Marxist teori geliştirmiştir. Frankfurt Okulu üyeleri on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son teorisyenlerinden yararlanmışlardır. Üyeleri temel olarak çoğulculardır. Walter Benjamin Frankfurt Okulunun önemli bir üyesidir. O da Marxismin etkisi altındaydı ve Marxist Okuluna bir eğilim göstermişti. Benjamin sosyal eleştiriyle dilbilim analizini tarihsel nostaljiyle birlikte işler. Benjamin, sosyal eleştiri ve dilsel analiz ile tarihi nostaljiyi harmanlar. Benjamin için temel estetik farklılaşma, yaratılış ve oluşum arasındaki temel farklılıktır. Benjamin’e göre eleştiri bir sanat eserinin gerçeğinin sunumudur. Eleştiri bir eserin başladığı şeyi neticeye ulaştırmaya, tamamlamaya ve sistematize etmeye çalışır.
Oedipus at Colonus as a divine comedy
(2011) Durmuş, Erdinç
Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus was the last play written just before the playwright’s death in 406 B.C. This particular play of the most powerful Greek writer was not performed until five years after his death. He was born in the village of Colonus, and in the last month of his long life he turned back to the figure of Oedipus whom he had once portrayed as the ideal type of Athenian intelligence and daring. He wrote about the same hero’s old age, the recompense he received for his sufferings in Oedipus at Colonus, and in doing so he left this timeless masterpiece to the world of literature. Certainly a great number of critics wrote about this specific play of Sophocles as one of the most beautiful Greek tragedies throughout the centuries. And it is also doubtless that many scholars will discuss the same play again as a masterpiece tragedy of its writer. However, in a deeply made analysis of Oedipus at Colonus it is highly possible that the play fits into the category of divine comedies. Oedipus at Colonus deserves to be considered and studied as a work of divine comedy for it has almost all the characteristics of the so-called genre.
The Oppositions in Edward Albee’s The Zoo Story
(2010) Durmuş, Erdinç
An abundance of contradictions characterizes most of Edward Albee’s plays. The playwright emphasizes the crucial function of contrasts in everyday life going beyond just expressing them. The playwright reveals that one has to live with such opposites as black and white, good and bad closely since it is not possible to avoid them. Moreover, one should go one step further and accept this unavoidable situation even embracing this contradictory situation. As an example, that we are spiritually dead, while living, is one of his most important themes. Life and death, in fact, are realities of humanity, close to each other, going hand in hand any moment in life. But this is persistently ignored by his characters as well as by mankind in general. The playwright tries hard to make the reader be aware and acknowledge that this is the case. Therefore, we will try to examine the contradictions in The Zoo Story, give examples, and reveal how influential they are in the play as well as in real life. Key Words: Edward Albee, Paradoxes, The Zoo Story
Survival in Jack London's The Call of The Wild and White Fang
(2022) Durmuş, Erdinç; Maviş, Yunus
Man’s anthropocentric perspective towards nature, which paves way to the destruction of species and natural resoruces in the last instance, stands out as a great drawback for the correction such of contemporary environmental situations. Authored by Jack London during his Klondike Gold Rush adventure, The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906), for example, can be counted among the works of eco-criticism that mirrors and criticizes man’s egocentric attitude towards nature and puts the usage of dogs as sled dogs and transitioning their nature by force during the Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) into the focal point of the criticism. In his The Call of the Wild (1903), London tries to show us, through the story of the central character Buck, how heartless and disrespectful can man become towards nature when he acts self centeredly. By reflecting the role of environmental factors in easing or aggravating the survival of Buck, and portraying how Buck is forcibly transitioned to a primitive beast from a domestic pet by men, London both criticizes this kind of a touch of men to nature, and implies his inclination towards naturalism in the works mentioned above. In his White Fang (1906), London tells the story of a wild dog, White Fang that has to adapt to the domestic environment to survive. This study aims to analyse Jack London’s The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906) in terms of survival examples.
Survival in Jack London's The Call of the Wild and White Fang
(2022) Durmuş, Erdinç
İnsanın açgözlülüğü, doğaya ve doğal kaynaklara yönelik insan merkezli bakış açısı; netice itibariyle doğanın, kıyamete ramak kala insanlığı uyarmasına yol açacak türden, geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçlar doğurmuştur. İnsanın bu katı davranışı, insanoğlunun çevreye olan söz konusu tutumunun devam etmesi durumunda kaçınılmaz bir kıyamet konusunda insanlığı uyaran kayda değer bir edebi ve sanatsal eser yığınına imza atan edebiyatçıların, medyanın ve bazı aktivistlerin iç bilincini uyandırmış görünmektedir. Kendini doğanın sahibi olarak gören insan, bumerang benzeri bir etki yaratan sorumsuz ve patavatsız davranışlarıyla her zaman çevrenin ve türlerin, doğal kaynakların ve nihayetinde kendisinin tahribatına neden olmuştur. İnsanoğlunun açgözlülüğü, her geçen gün artan talebi karşılamak için her türlü mal ve malzemenin seri üretimine yol açmakta ve bunun sonucunda çevreyi kirletmekte, fabrika atıkları sonucunda tarım ürünlerini zehirlemekte ve böylece insanları diğer türlerle ortak bir kaderi, hayatta kalma mücadelesini paylaşmaya sevk etmektedir. Jack London'ın the Call of the Wild (1903), ana karakter Buck'ın hayatta kalmasını kolaylaştıran veya ağırlaştıran çevresel faktörlerin rolünü yansıtır ve Buck'ın evcil bir hayvan iken nasıl da ilkel bir canavara dönüştüğünü tasvir etmektedir. Ancak White Fang'da (1906), London, White Fang adlı vahşi bir köpeğin değişen çevreye uyum sağlama mücadelesini ve hayatta kalmak için evcilleştirilmesi gerektiğini anlatır. Bu çalışma, Jack London'ın the Call of the Wild (1903) ve White Fang (1906) adlı yapıtlarını hayatta kalma mücadelesi bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Keywords Survival, Jack London, Naturalism, Call of the Wild

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