İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü

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Bildungsroman Tradition in English Literature
(Livre de Lyon, 2023) Alkan, Halit
This book tries to reveal the unique characteristics of the English bildungsroman and to examine the change of the English bildungsroman tradition in three centuries by analysing these characteristics in Daniel Defoe’s "Moll Flanders" of the eighteenth century, George Eliot’s "The Mill on the Floss" of the nineteenth century, and James Joyce’s "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" of the twentieth century.
Charlotte Brontë’s "Shirley" A Dialectic Solution: Capitalist and feminist problematic
(LAP LAMBERT Acadmic Publishing, 2022) Alkan, Halit
This book tries to find answers to the questions such as how Charlotte Brontë evaluated capitalism and feminism in her novel, "Shirley" (1849), whether she dealt with them in accordance to the characteristics of the 19th century Victorian Era or not, on which parameters she criticized capitalism and why she turned to feminism. As for the method the novel, Shirley is resolved on the basis of Marx’s dialectic approach consisting of thesis, antithesis and synthesis.
The Concept of War in "The Red Badge of Courage" and "A Farewell to Arms"
(2022) Alkan, Halit
The American Civil War and bloody First World War resulted in the deaths of ten million people, twenty millions disabled people, and destruction of the values such as freedom, democracy and equality. The two wars caused important changes in the world of arts and ideas, created their own literature, and as a result, many writers produced war literature. Among the modernist authors who wrote novels about war are Stephen Crane and Ernest Hemingway, who are the subjects of this study. Wars enabled the concepts of patriotism, nationalism, and heroism to prevail in the war novel genre. Stephen Crane’s "The Red Badge of Courage" (1895) and Ernest Hemingway’s "A Farewell to Arms" (1929) are studied in terms of human nature, realism, and romanticism. Crane describes a young soldier Henry Fleming’s psychological development, and the harsh atmosphere of war. In the novel, thesis-antithesis is shown such as idealism-instinction, romanticism-realism, and cowardice-courage. Hemingway maps the psychological complexity of Frederic Henry who does not know the violence in wars and serves voluntarily in the ambulance corps of the Italian army. Hemingway suggests that war is the dark side of a world that refuses to preserve true love. Crane and Hemingway deal with human nature, romanticism, and realism. Although the characters are volunteers for war due to abstract values of courage and heroism, they cannot bear the harsh reality of war when they experience it. This study demonstrates the effects of the brutal and harsh atmosphere of war on human beings.
Democracy or Hypocrisy in John Le Carre’s The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
(2013) Durmuş, Erdinç
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold is an espionage novel of John Le Carre which takes place in the 1950s and early 1960s. The world war is over but the cold war still continues severely at that time. The western world has perpetuated the vital importance of democracy over the years. In this respect The Spy unveils such untouched issues of the western world. Le Carre highlights the conflicts of the western world. The Spy is the story of the victimization of some people for the sake of society. Within this context, Le Carre deduces the hypocrisy of the west. This study aims to set sight on the experiences of the main character and to uncover the hypocrisy behind democracy.
A Discourse of ‘Othering’ in E. M. Forster’s "A Passage to India"
(Berikan Yayınevi, 2020) Alkan, Halit
Due to industrialization and mechanization in Europe, there was the need to sell overproduction, find new markets and buy larger amounts of raw materials at cheapest price. For these reasons, in terms of colonialism, most developed European countries occupied territories especially in areas with no political and economic structures from the 16th century to the 20th century. In addition to economic and political reasons for Western colonialism, there was the so-called ‘civilizing mission’ because Western people believed in superiority of their civilization. The Western ideology has produced arbitrary geographic separation through drawing boundaries between itself and ‘other’, and referred to ‘other’s land as the ‘Orient’ and ‘the land of barbarians’. In this sense, a discourse of the ‘othering’ has been produced especially in the colonial period and in literature. In this context, E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India (1924) allows readers to analyse how colonialism impacts on gender, class, culture and race. It concerns the relations between the English and the native population of India during the colonial period in which Britain ruled India. In the novel, A Passage to India, one of the major characters named Dr Aziz, like many of the other Indians, struggles with the problem of the English in India. On the one hand, he appreciates some of the modernizing influences that the West has brought to India; on the other hand, he feels that the presence of the English degrades and oppresses his people. The British Empire is portrayed as a fundamentally racist institution that excludes and subjugates others. There are racial lines, with the white Europeans on one side, and everyone else on the other. Indians are referred to as the ‘Oriental’ and ‘Other’ who are stereotypically considered to be undeveloped, ignorant and wild as opposed to the intellectual, civilized, and progressive Westerner. Indians are considered unable to rule themselves, essentially needing the British Empire to help them toward civilization.
The Discourse of 'Othering' in Hanif Kureishi's “The Buddha of Suburbia”
(IKSAD Publishing House, 2020) Alkan, Halit
In order to sell overproduction, find new markets and buy larger amounts of raw materials at cheapest price, most developed European countries occupied territories especially in areas with no political and economic structures from the 16th century to the 20th century. In addition to Western colonialism, Western people take the so called ‘civilizing mission’ on as a duty because they believe in superiority of their civilization. Therefore, the Western ideology has produced arbitrary boundaries between itself and ‘other’, and referred to ‘other’s land as the ‘Orient’ and ‘the land of barbarians’. During postcolonial period, many communities from the former colonial regions have migrated to Britain. The discourse of ‘othering’ has been maintained by the host British society for centuries. In this context, Hanif Kureishi’s "The Buddha of Suburbia" (1990) allows readers to analyse the discourse of ‘othering’ in terms of gender, class, culture, and race. The novel concerns the quest of both an Indian Haroon who is married to a British woman and his adolescent son Karim to find ethnic, cultural and gender identity in British society. Haroon and his friend Anwar, representing first-generation immigrants in the multicultural British society, are not only silenced by the ruling British society, which see them as intruders and dependents, but also considered by representatives of the ruling group as exotic, suspicious, and the ‘other’. Although Haroon’s son, Karim, imitates the host culture, he cannot escape being considered as the ‘other’ because of his race, colour, class and culture. Although Anwar’s daughter, Jamila, struggles between her main culture and the host culture in a multicultural society, and represents the role of a contemporary woman who questions the patriarchal understanding is also considered as the ‘other’. There are racial lines, with the white Europeans on one side, and everyone else on the other.
THE DOWNFALL OF THE SOUTHERN ARISTOCRACY IN WILLIAM FAULKNER’S THE SOUND AND THE FURY
(2018) TOSON, MEHMET FARUK
The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the downfall of the Southern aristocracy in the novel, The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner. The main characters in the novel are descendants of a patriarchal southern family, the Compsons, who were once aristocratic and rich in the South. These people do not live the life of luxury they were living in the past baroquely, however, they confront and witness their own downfall instead. The reasons for the downfall of the southern aristocracy lie mostly in their great dependence on the past. Because aristocrats lost their old values which cement the society and family together, they were not able to cope with the realities that modernity brought. The decline is also deteriorated by the conflicts between The Old South and New South. As a result, the Compson children fail to live in accordance with the Southern moral code. The Sound and the Fury gives a detailed story of decline of the Compson family in the eyes of three Compson children, idiot Benjy, materialistic Jason and neurotic Quentin. Their decadence, disintegration and deterioration show the end of a long-lasting notion, the Southern aristocracy.
ESCAPING AND WITHSTANDING THE REALITY THROUGH ART IN EMILY ST. JOHN MANDEL’S STATION ELEVEN
(2020) Alan, Bülent; Maviş, Yunus
Having been an ever-present part of Western culture, end of time speculations, namely apocalypse scenarios, are largely originated in biblical ending scenarios and have always appealed to and intrigued the scholars in a wide range of fields, including the literati. These apocalypse and post-apocalypse scenarios have found a dominating place in literature as part of ecocriticism, which in general terms, puts nature and the themes focusing on ecology in the focal point. Covering dystopian, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic narratives as genres, ecocriticism includes a broad range of literary and artistic studies and critical theories that emphasize nature and environment relevant problems. Emily St. John Mandel’s Station Eleven (2014) is a distinctive example for dystopian and post-apocalyptic narratives describing the beginning of a global epidemic, Georgia Flu, and life twenty years after the catastrophe, because it both tries to explore man’s potential to create and sustain meaning through art, story and sharing in an ambitious and versatile way, and scrutinizes whether the ethical and cultural values still exist in a post-apocalyptic world, and the likely ways people live together, which is of the set of ideas suggested by post-apocalyptic literature. In this study, we argue that in Station Eleven (2014), Emily St. John Mandel considers art as an intrinsic need for humanity and the real survivor even after a probable apocalypse, and becomes a source of endurance against harsh realities of life, functioning like a home that shelters humans to which they escape.
An Existentialist Approach to Jean-Paul Sartre’s "No Exit"
(Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020) Alkan, Halit
Existentialism that began to be active in the 20th century is the approach to define the human being not only as the thinking being but also as the acting and feeling human individual. This study aims to analyse Jean-Paul Sartre’s "No Exit" (1944) in terms of existentialist approach, namely human’s existence of freedom which depends on the on-going relationships between the aspects of ‘being as a subject’ and ‘being as an object’. The play No Exit depicts the afterlife in which Joseph Garcin, Ines Serrano and Estelle Rigault are brought to the same room in hell. The ‘being as a subject’ of the three characters is judged by people on the earth and is reduced to the state of ‘being as an object’ which gets the unchangeable state by the judgment of others. Joseph will be remembered as a coward and Estelle as a pretty blonde who is the murderer of her child and crazy about money and males while nobody will remember Inez at all. They become the prisoners of each other in hell where the time is stable and where they are completely deprived of the freedom of existence of ‘being as a subject’ because they no longer have the opportunity to act and to change the thoughts about themselves. This imprisonment fixes them in the state of ‘being as an object’. The victim changes every time and there are two tortures against it. Therefore, they are both the torturers and the victims: Hell is other people.
An Existentialist Approach to William Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet”
(2021) Alkan, Halit
Existentialism is the approach to define the human being not only as the thinking being but also as the acting and feeling human individual. In terms of Jean-Paul Sartre’s conception of freedom, one must let go of the past, make a choice, act on it, and then take its responsibility. This study aims to analyse William Shakespeare’s "Romeo and Juliet" in terms of existentialist approach, namely human’s existence of freedom which depends on the on-going relationships between the aspects of ‘being as a subject’ and ‘being as an object’. The play depicts the love between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet who are the children of hostile families. At the beginning of the play, Romeo and Juliet are considered ‘being as an object’ because they accept an age-old blood feud between their families into which they are born. As an uninvited guest at a Capulet party, Romeo falls instantly in love with Juliet. After they learn to be the children of hostile families, they let go of the past and make free-choices by continuing to love each other, decide to marry and keep it in secret, so they become ‘being as a subject’. Then Romeo acts on his decision and attempts to halt a fight leading to the death of Juliet’s cousin for which Romeo is banished. In order not to marry her father’s choice of bridegroom, Juliet acts on her decision and fakes her own death to be reunited with Romeo. The message of her plot about the fake death fails to reach Romeo. Believing Juliet dead, Romeo takes the responsibility of his decision and drinks poison in her tomb. Juliet who wakes to find Romeo’s corpse beside her takes the responsibility of her decision and kills herself.
Hart Crane’s The Bridge as an Example of Modernist Poetry
(2014) Durmuş, Erdinç
This particular poem of Hart Crane is a good example of American modernist poetry. Crane’s The Bridge has been the subject of a lot of debate since its publication. Crane comes from a wealthy family and is an American Romantic poet who observes the richness of life in his poetry. In this long epic poem, the poet is inspired by the Brooklyn Bridge. For him, the bridge stands for the creative power of man. The poet considers the poem as an epic synthesis of the country and its structural identity. There is a kind of a search in the poem and this search of the poet is the one for the real American past and the characteristics of present America that will determine her future. The poet tries to come up with a view of what he calls the American experience in the poem. He adopts the Brooklyn Bridge as the poem’s supporting symbol and talks about and celebrates various people and places. Keywords: Modernist, Brooklyn Bridge, Poetry, Criticism, America
The Id, Ego and Superego in Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night’s Dream"
(2023) Alkan, Halit
Dealing with human nature, literature is considered to be intertwined with the science of psychology. Psychoanalysis is a method of descending to the unconscious sources of desires, instincts and thoughts and bringing conflicts to the consciousness. Sigmund Freud previously divides the human personality into two systems as unconscious and conscious; however, he then reaches the distinction between ‘id’, ‘ego’ and ‘superego’. While the id works in accordance with instincts, the superego pays regard to morality, but the ego tries to equalize these requests with the reality of the outside world under appropriate conditions. This study aims to analyze the psychological attitudes underlying the behaviors of the characters in William Shakespeare’s "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" through the Freudian concepts of id, ego and superego. Shakespeare changes spaces from society (reality) to nature (dream) in order to arrive at comedy. The Athenians Theseus and Hippolyta are doubled with their fairy counterparts Oberon and Titania, and this doubling offers that the forest in the play is the dreamscape of Athens in which suppressed personalities can emerge. There is reality in daytime and Theseus and Egeus are controlled by the superego in the society. Here, the male-dominant world causes unhappiness to Lysander and Hermia through oppression. There is dream in night-time and the characters are surrounded by the id in the forest. Here, the male-dominant world causes happiness through wish-fulfilment. There is a struggle within all the lovers between the patriarchal superego and the primitive id. The use of psychoanalytic theory in drama is put forward to help readers appreciate this literary text from a different aspect.
THE INTERTEXTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE WORKS OF ALBERT CAMUS AND YUSUF ATILGAN
(2016) Güven, Hazar Faruk
Intertexuality, claimed to have been introduced by Bulgarian-French philosopher and literature critic Julia Kristeva, is a term which maintains that it is unlikely for any work not to be affected by the same kind of work written before. Since it is natural to have an interaction between authors, the authors can make reference to the worldview, philosophy and style of the different authors. With intertextuality, especially espoused by postmodern literary movement, the writers give the readers the opportunity to be conscious throughout the work and have different feelings within it by dynamizing their works. Written many articles and books on this term introduced in the mid of the 20. century, the attention has been drawn to the interaction from each other and different works of authors. Intertexuality encountered in the works of Yusuf Atılgan, one of the most important post-republic Turkish writers, is noteworthy. Yusuf Atılgan’s works contain similar features to Algerian-French writer Albert Camus’s works in terms of theme and topics. Existentialist themes like social alienation, religious alienation, isolation, non-communication and indifference in Camus’s works can be seen also in the works of Yusuf Atılgan. Absurdism, grounded after WWI and originated from Existentialism, gaining acceleration following the WWII has begun to maintain the idea that the life is absurd after the destruction and deaths which these two world wars caused the world witnessed. People migrating from rural areas to cities to find an occupation and not being able to adapt to the city life in a rapidly urbanizing world especially following the Industrial Revolution, have been subject to the literature. It is also regarded as a movement about all the human beings in general like intellectual characters question this absurdism and alienate from society in Camus and Atılgan’s works. It is claimed that Atılgan has been influenced by Camus’s philosophy of absurdism. For instance, Atılgan’s The Wanderer’s protagonist, C’s worldview and lifestyle like social alienation, isolation, non-communication and indiffrence show parallelism with Meursault’s lifestyle in Camus’s The Stranger. In our study, the works of these two writers have been compared in terms of intertextuality.
Irish Youth and Inertia in James Joyce’xxs Dubliners
(2018) Durmuş, Erdinç
IRISH YOUTH AND INERTIA IN JAMES JOYCE’S DUBLINERS Abstract James Joyce who was born in 1882 in Dublin, the capital city of Ireland that had been colonized by England from the middle of the 17th century to the first quarter of the 20th century, published his first novel Dubliners in 1914. The novel is likely to be considered as a bildungsroman of Ireland’s society since it focuses on the growth of the whole community rather than the focus on the psychological and moral growth of only one protagonist. Composed of four stages each of which narrates a different stage of the society (namely; childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life)the novel is consisted of fifteen stories. The setting of all the stories is the city of Dublin where (as Joyce narrates) paralyses, stagnancy and inertia seem to have haunted the lives of the public. Inertia, in Merriam Webster, is defined as the lack of movement or activity especially when movement or activity is wanted or needed. In the field of physics, it is defined as “a property of matter by which something that is not moving remains still and something that is moving goes at the same speed and in the same direction until another thing or force affects it.” Inertia is also known to be the feeling of the lack of the energy that helps mobilization, which makes the change in situations where motion, action and change are necessary. Considering the fact that every single molecule across the universe is on the move, what is being implied here is not that the substance stands still; rather, it is the fact that its perpetuum mobile or momentum is preserved in a constant pace. People are usually aware of the problems stemming from the negative cases in which they are entrapped. However, despite the fact that they – more or less – have the knowledge concerning how to resolve these problems, they are not enthusiastic to take any action. They find themselves in a constantly negative situation that prevents them from taking the first step, or in a state of mind that helps the momentum keep on going in a constant pace. Inertia, in other words, may as well be defined as the state of not being able to take the necessary action at the right time and in the right space. Against such a backdrop and drawing on the two stories all characters of which are adolescents, this article aims to reveal how destructive the state of inertia could be for those individuals and societies who do not handle their necessities in the right place at the right time.
John Milton’s Influence on Poets, Writers and Composers of His Period and Aftermath
(2014) Durmuş, Erdinç
John Milton is doubtless one of the most important and influential poets in English Language and Literature. He has always been a major influence in literature both during his lifetime and after his death. His reputation among the readers and the poets is a known fact since it has been proven that several writers and poets frequently wrote under the influence of this great epic poet. Milton was an artist who had written about various subjects, he was both a poet and a renowned prose writer. As he had something to say about every field of life his admirers and followers were not necessarily from just one category. Many people, including politicians, poets, writers, composers found something valuable in Milton and his works. The purpose of this article is to reevaluate Milton’s controversial works and lay down the influence of Milton on the mentioned figures of the period and aftermath.
A Liberal Feminist Analysis of George Bernard Shaw’s "Mrs Warren’s Profession"
(2021) Alkan, Halit
The patriarchal society gives legal rights, economic power, and proper education only to men so that women are financially dependent on men for a living. When women demand freedom and legal rights, the basis of feminism appears. This study applies liberal feminist approach to George Bernard Shaw’s "Mrs. Warren’s Profession" (1893) to analyse the gender roles in terms of patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. Not receiving proper education to acquire a profession in the patriarchal society, the main character, Mrs. Kitty Warren, becomes a prostitute and then a brothel mistress to gain economic power in a public sphere. She is conventional at heart, like women in a private sphere because she wants her young daughter, Vivie, not to work in the public sphere but to marry the rich, middle-aged Crofts, who is her business-partner of brothels. Being grown up in boarding schools, Vivie Warren, representing the ‘New Woman’ type, shakes hands with men, smokes cigarettes, has knowledge of mathematics, graduates from Cambridge, and has the physical strength and intelligence to work in the public sphere. Therefore, she refuses her mother’s money and marriage proposals. This study asserts that women and men have no innate difference in terms of mental capacity, but women face prejudices imposed by the patriarchal society. Women are not allowed to take the same education as men to acquire a profession in the public sphere, and by this way, they are imprisoned in the private sphere.
A Liberal Feminist Analysis of Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour”
(IKSAD Publishing House, 2022) Alkan, Halit
While men are given legal rights and economic power by the patriarchal society, women are subordinated to men and confined to the private sphere. Feminism appears when women demand freedom. This study deals with Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour” (1894) in terms of patriarchal ideology. As a housewife Louise Mallard who is imprisoned in private sphere is forced to repress her feelings for the sake of her husband. Mrs. Mallard experiences the frustration of marriage which restricts freedom and causes her heart trouble. After receiving the news about her husband Brently’s death in the train accident while traveling in the public sphere, Mrs. Mallard is paralyzed and goes to her room in grief. When Mrs. Mallard looks at the open window and notices the open square in front of her house, she realizes her freedom. In order to relish her personal life, Mrs. Mallard wants to free herself from the patriarchal oppression. Mrs. Mallard wants to enable herself to deal with public sphere through her freedom. Seeing her husband alive, she dies of heart disease. Her heart is physically weak and has emotionally no room for anyone else. The removal of that intense joy of freedom leads to her death. Mrs. Mallard dies in her house where she has always sacrificed for her family.
A Liberal Feminist Approach to Bobbie Ann Mason’s “Shiloh”
(2020) Alkan, Halit
Women’s problems are undoubtedly as old as human history. By giving legal rights and political and economic power to men only, the male-dominant society deprives women of the public sphere and makes them dependent on men. Marriage becomes the sole purpose of women because they are convinced that only by this way they can take place in society. Reproduction and the care of the home and family are the main duties of women in the patriarchal structure. Once women begin to demand legal rights and freedom, the basis of feminism emerges. Liberal feminism can be said to be based on equal opportunities in education, women’s access to public sphere and economic equality. Liberal feminist approach defines the equality and freedom of women with men in legal, family and social life. When liberal feminist approach is applied to Bobbie Ann Mason’s “Shiloh”, it allows researchers to analyse the gender roles in the context of the patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. Norma Jean is an obedient housewife who accepts her duty of reproduction and care of the home and family in private sphere whereas her husband Leroy Moffitt is the breadwinner as a truck driver in the public sphere. However, Norma Jean takes a body-building class, enrols in a composition class at night school, writes a paper about music and becomes the breadwinner. According to liberal feminist approach, Norma Jean’s taking place in the public sphere is a manifestation of her claim of independence resulting in the breakdown of her marriage.
A Liberal Feminist Approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s "The Yellow Wallpaper"
(2021) Alkan, Halit
Patriarchal society gives legal rights and economic power to men only so that women are subject to men and imprisoned in private sphere. When women who are given only the role of a wife and mother begin to demand freedom and legal rights, the basis of feminism appears. This study applies liberal feminist approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s "The Yellow Wallpaper" (1892) in order to analyse the gender roles in terms of patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. After giving birth to a baby, the narrator is diagnosed with hysteria by her husband John who is a physician. She is also prescribed a ‘rest cure’ for three months in the attic of an isolated house. The ‘rest cure’ causes her obsession with the yellow wallpaper and slowly drives her mad due to the limitation of thinking and of raising the consciousness of female in private sphere. To be imprisoned in a room may have enormous risks of disappointment, madness, and suicide. In order to limit a woman’s participation in the intellectual and public sphere, masculine science of nineteenth century’s patriarchal society converts ‘an angel in the house’ into ‘the madwoman in the attic’ under the name of ‘rest cure’. Gilman suggests that a woman can only free herself if her financial conditions are radically changed through finally installing a dialectical movement between private sphere and public sphere.
MARXIST CRITICISM, THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND WALTER BENJAMIN
(2017) Durmuş, Erdinç
Marxist edebiyat eleştirisi Marxist politik düşünceler üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Marksist eleştiri, 1850'lerde Marx'ın, kültür ve toplum hakkında önemli açıklamalarda bulunmasına rağmen, 20. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış bir olgudur. Marx’a göre, ideoloji, politika ve sanat gibi bir toplumun üst yapısını oluşturan öğeler o toplumun ekonomik yapısı tarafından belirlenir. Karl Marx "Komünist Manifesto" adlı eserinde komünizmin temel kavramlarını tartışır ve toplumların ve ekonomik sistemlerinin sınıfsız bir toplum yaratmak için sürekli bir evrim sürecinde olduğunu iddia eder. Marksist eleştiride önemli olan husus, edebiyatın, bu edebiyatın üretildiği toplumun ideolojik ve ekonomik gerçeklerinden ayrı tutulamayacağı ya da izole edilemeyeceği yönündedir. Diğer taraftan, pratikte bir neo-Marxist olan Frankfurt Okulu, aydınlanma geleneğinin bir eleştirisidir. Radikal değişim ve iki okul arasındaki eleştiri farkı entelektüel temeldedir. Aslında bir toplumsal araştırma kurumu olan Frankfurt Okulu yeni bir neo-Marxist teori geliştirmiştir. Frankfurt Okulu üyeleri on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son teorisyenlerinden yararlanmışlardır. Üyeleri temel olarak çoğulculardır. Walter Benjamin Frankfurt Okulunun önemli bir üyesidir. O da Marxismin etkisi altındaydı ve Marxist Okuluna bir eğilim göstermişti. Benjamin sosyal eleştiriyle dilbilim analizini tarihsel nostaljiyle birlikte işler. Benjamin, sosyal eleştiri ve dilsel analiz ile tarihi nostaljiyi harmanlar. Benjamin için temel estetik farklılaşma, yaratılış ve oluşum arasındaki temel farklılıktır. Benjamin’e göre eleştiri bir sanat eserinin gerçeğinin sunumudur. Eleştiri bir eserin başladığı şeyi neticeye ulaştırmaya, tamamlamaya ve sistematize etmeye çalışır.

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