Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/3596

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Communal architecture at Boncuklu Tarla, Mardin province, Turkey
(Near Eastern Archaeology, 2021) Kodaş, Ergül
Villages of the Preceramic Neolithic in the Near East are marked by a new style of construction, created to play a new, essential function. Indeed, it is in this period that, outside of residential habitations, communal buildings make their first appearance in the heart of Near Eastern villages. It is without doubt one of the first clear, historical attestations of social differentiation/organization in architecture. Truly, reflections on such constructions lead one to attribute to them adjectives aimed at encapsulating their supposed functions, such as “collective,” “communal,” “monumental,” “public,” “cultic,” “storage structures,” or even “megalithic” (Aurenche and Kozlowski 2000; Stordeur 2014; Watkins 2006; Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2014; Hauptmann 2012). The terminology here reflects considerably varying interpretations, often complementary and essentially derived from the architectural data, as the buildings reveal ground plans and internal structures that are quite distinct.
Memory of destroyed Khorsabad, Victor Place, and the story of a shipwreck
(Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2021) Genç, Bülent
Victor Place was appointed as a consul to Mosul in 1851, where having arrived in 1852 he started excavations at Khorsabad. Financial problems forced him to stop this activity towards the end of 1853. As the Interior Ministry appointed him to another post in 1854, he wanted to transport the Khorsabad finds before he left Mosul. However, the roads were extremely unsafe because of the Muntafiq Arab tribes' revolt. The local authorities repeatedly warned Place about this problem, stressing that he should wait until after the revolt was over before leaving. But despite these warnings, Place transported the Khorsabad finds from Mosul to Baghdad by keleks (rafts). The plan was then to transport them to Basra from Baghdad. Place set off on the river with a fleet made up of four keleks and a ship. Smuggled goods loaded on the ship made it heavier and attracted the attention of looters. On 21 May 1855, the fleet was attacked by bandits in the region of Kurna, located between Baghdad and Basra. The ship and two keleks sank at the spot, while the remaining two keleks arrived at Basra with some of the rescued goods. Various attempts to retrieve the sunken finds then followed. This article accordingly considers new data on the Kurna accident, drawing on Ottoman archival sources, particularly reports written at the time that discussed the possible causes of the accident and the negligent actions linked to it. As the destroyed memory of Khorsabad makes clear, archaeology cannot be rushed.
New evidence of Pleistocene hominin occupation in Mardin Province, south-east Turkey: Şlkefta Elobrahimo Cave
(Cambridge Universty Press, 2023) Kodaş, Ergül
An archaeological field project designed to investigate Palaeolithic occupation is being undertaken in Mardin Province, south-east Turkey. New sites have been identified and recorded systematically, including Şıkefta Elobrahimo Cave. Together, these provide ample evidence for hominin presence in this area since the Middle Palaeolithic.
New Urartian Inscriptions from Malazgirt, East Turkey, and the Localization of the City of Mezaiani
(AMER ORIENTAL SOC, 2023) Işık, Kenan; Genç, Bülent
Located in the northwest of the Lake Van basin, the city of Malazgirt was an important area of the kingdom of Urartu from its earliest period due to its strategic location. Inscriptions of king Minua (810–785/80 BCE) mention important construction projects, including fortresses, temples, and irrigation canals, in and around Malazgirt. This article deals with the Urartian presence in Malazgirt, presents new Urartian inscriptions, and considers their significance for historical geography. Particularly important is the Leter stele, which informs us of the correct reading of the name of the irrigation canal built by King Minua—Mezaiani, the antecedent form of Malazgirt. Another stele documents the agricultural activities of King Argišti (780–756 bc).
THE POSSIBLE USE OF ANCIENT TOWER TOMBS AS WATCHTOWERS IN SYRO-MESOPOTAMIA
(INT SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY REMOTE SENSING C/O SCHOOL OF SURVEYIN, 2015) Silver, Minna; Torma, Markus; Silver, Kenneth; Okkonen, Jari; Nunez, Milton; Yen, YN; Weng, KH; Cheng, HM
Traditionally polygonal tower tombs dating from the Greco-Roman era, especially found in the area of Syro-Mesopotamia, have only been treated as funerary structures without discussion of their other possible purposes. In this paper we wish to inquire whether they had other functions as well. The most famous examples of these types of tombs are situated in Palmyra in Syria. They are built of limestone, follow a square layout, and some exceed the height of 20 m. Similar structures are found in the Euphrates valley of Syria. The Finnish project SYGIS that worked in the neighbourhood of the Euphrates and Palmyra during the previous decade studied some of the structures in the region. As far as the tower tombs are concerned, our research suggests that new structural, topographical and spatial aspects can be raised, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) can be applied for analysing their properties for visibility. The tendency to locate tower tombs along roads and the entrance areas of a city as well as at a mountain edge seems to indicate that the tombs may have had observational functions serving as watch towers. The aspects of the location in terrains are emphasized in the present study, and digital terrain models were utilized using SRTM DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data for carrying out viewshed analyses in order to survey the observational qualities of the towers in Palmyra, on Halabiya, on Jebel Bishri in Syria and Hatra in Iraq.
REMOTE SENSING, LANDSCAPE AND ARCHAEOLOGY TRACING ANCIENT TRACKS AND ROADS BETWEEN PALMYRA AND THE EUPHRATES IN SYRIA
(INT SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY REMOTE SENSING C/O SCHOOL OF SURVEYIN, 2015) Silver, Minna; Torma, Markus; Silver, Kenneth; Okkonen, Jari; Nunez, Milton; Yen, YN; Weng, KH; Cheng, HM
The present paper concentrates on the use of remote sensing by satellite imagery for detecting ancient tracks and roads in the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates in Syria. The Syrian desert was traversed by caravans already in the Bronze Age, and during the Greco-Roman period the traffic increased with the Silk Road and trade as well as with military missions annexing the areas into empires. SYGIS-the Finnish archaeological survey and mapping project traced, recorded and documented ancient sites and roads in the region of Jebel Bishri in Central Syria in 2000-2010 before the outbreak of the civil war in Syria. Captured data of ancient roads and bridge points bring new light to the study of ancient communication framework in the area. Archaeological research carried out by the project on the ground confirmed the authenticity of many road alignments, new military and water harvesting sites as well as civilian settlements, showing that the desert-steppe area was actively used and developed probably from the second century AD. The studies further demonstrated that the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates was militarily more organised already in the second and third centuries AD than earlier believed. Chronologically, the start of this coincided with the "goldenage" of the Palmyrene caravans in the second century AD. Topography and landscape were integral parts of the construction of graves/tumuli as sign-posts guiding in the desert, as well as roads and all kinds of settlements whether military or civilian.
Spectroscopic and microscopic analysis of yarn sample found in Başur Höyük Early Bronze Age Cemetery
(Elsevier, 2023) Sağlamtimur, Haluk; Gündüz Balpetek, Fatma; Süpüren Mengüç, Gamze; Batıhan, Metin; Aydoğan, İnan; Özmen Batıhan, Öznur; Boz, Serkan; Demsar, Andrej
The Early Bronze Age cemetery at Başur Höyük (Siirt, Türkiye), dated back to the 3rd millennium BC, contains a wide range of ancient artifacts. Thousands of finds consisting of various metal objects, pottery, stone and textile artifacts were excavated from the site, where a total of 18 graves were found and excavated. The well-preserved textile artifacts, found especially on metal objects, are the subject of the present article. The article presents the initial results of the joint work of the archaeologists and textile engineers involved in the archaeological excavation project at Başur Höyük. The paper presents general information about the uses of the textile materials found in the Başur Höyük EBA burial site and the Başur Höyük graves, concluded on the basis of their relationship with the other excavated materials. In addition, the results of the quantitative analyses of the yarn artifact is presented, which were carried out using non-destructive analytical methods, such as: FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The infrared spectra of the yarn sample indicate the cellulose origin of the ancient fibers.
Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey
(Elsevier, 2022) Kodaş, Ergül; Yelözer, Sera; Çiftçi, Yunus; Baysal, Emma L.
Among the artefacts of fundamental importance in the context of symbolism and iconography during the Neolithization process in northern Mesopotamia, there is much research about, and publication relating to, human figurines or statues, animal figurines or statues, figured stone objects, stone vessels, bone plaques, wall decoration (paint, relief, or incision) and stone pillars. While among these various research topics bone plaques have been noticeably less studied than other classes of small finds, they are gradually gaining importance. From the figurative and typological perspective, these objects carry importance for their visual characteristics and their regional variety, but it is notable that their typological differences and functions are still not well understood. This study opens a new debate about the techno-typological characteristics, regional distribution, and modes of use of these objects starting from a group of bone plaques recovered from burial contexts during the excavations of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement of Boncuklu Tarla in southeast Turkey. Portable symbolic artefacts are found to show significant overlaps between materials, iconography and use as well as regional identities and temporal continuities in techniques and decoration.
A text of Shalmaneser I from Üçtepe and the location of Šinamu
(Anatolian Studies, 2022) Genç, Bülent; Macginnis, John
This article presents a newly discovered cuneiform text from the site of üçtepe in Diyarbaklr province in southeastern Turkey. The text bears a previously unknown inscription of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I. While incomplete, it never-theless gives the most extensive lists of the conquests of Shalmaneser I yet known, including a number of previously unattested toponyms. This is in itself an important contribution to the historical documentation of the Middle Assyrian period. Furthermore, the fact that the text was written to record Shalmaneser's rebuilding of the city wall of Sinamu allows us to propose that üçtepe is to be identified with the site of ancient Šinamu, known to have been an important centre from the late third millennium BC and subsequently a regional capital in the provincial system of the Middle Assyrian empire. This is a significant advance on our previous understanding of the historical geography of the region. These issues are discussed in the context of the Middle Assyrian occupation of the Upper Tigris and the results of the archaeological exploration of recent decades.
The Tuspa Mound Columned Hall
(Archaeopress, 2023) Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan
Tuspa, the capital city of the Urartian kingdom, today identified with the Van Fortress, rises on a conglomerate rock and extends approximately 1,250 meters long in the east-west direction, 70-80 meters wide in the north-south and rises approximately 100 meters high on the eastern shores of Lake Van. The Tuspa Mound, which has been continuously settled since the Bronze Age, was the lower settlement of the city during the Urartian period and extends along the north of the citadel. The excavations carried out between 2010-2019 at the Tuspa Citadel and Mound revealed important chronological and stratigraphic data. The Tuspa Mound excavations in particular unearthed structure layers, as well as the architectural and material culture, related to the Urartian period. The identification of building levels belonging to the Middle and Modern Ages, Post-Urartian/Late Iron Age, Urartian, Early Iron, and Bronze Ages has provided important contributions to understanding the settlement history of the Lake Van Basin. In this article, the structure and archaeological data of the columned hall belonging to the Early Urartian Building Level, which was unearthed as a result of 10 years of excavation at Tuspa Mound are evaluated and the results are interpreted.
Urartian Cult of the Stelae and New Discoveries at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic (Ashotakert)
(Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 2022) Kuvanç, Rıfat; Işık, Kenan; Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan
The Urartian Kingdom is recognized for its idiosyncratic religious architecture and ritual practices. Tower-temples (susi) at the peak of citadels, dedicated to the "national" god Haldi constitute the most essential element of religious architecture. Additionally, cult areas with an altar and uninscribed stelae on pedestals, best known from Erzincan/Altuitepe, demonstrate that there were different types of sanctuaries in the Urartian world. Veneration of stelae is also known from depictions in seal-impressions. Recent discoveries of an open-air sanctuary with stelae at Varto/Kayandere and uninscribed stelae at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic bear witness to the wide distribution of this cult. Although discoveries at Altintepe and Varto/Kayandere led to an association of stelae with funerary cults, inscriptions that speak of Haldi worship in front of stelae (pulusi) strongly suggest that stelae sanctuaries on the slopes of citadels must be related with the Haldi cult, in whose name susi and temple complexes (E.BARA) were built in citadels.
An Urartian irrigation canal in the Gürpınar Plain, Van, Eastern Turkey
(Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 2022) sevin, Veli; Özfırat, Aynur
One of the most remarkable building projects carried out during the reign of the Urartian king Sarduri II (755–730 BC) was the construction of the Sardurihinili (Çavuştepe) fortress, 20 km south of Tushpa, the Urartian capital, in Eastern Turkey. In the Urartian inscription on the Çavustepe Irmushini Temple, there is mention of vineyards and gardens that were irrigated by means of a channel bringing water from the Gugunaini stream. About 3 km south of the Sardurihinili fortress, there are the remains of a large Urartian irrigation system. A canal constructed from the Güzelsu (Hoşap) stream flowed over an artificial bed about 15 km long and was used for irrigation of the 190 km2 Gürpınar Plain. This irrigation system, which was built to increase the agricultural production capacity of the region, could be the channel mentioned in the Çavuştepe inscription. The channel is one of the most remarkable and recently discovered Urartian mastery in water management.
Van Kalesi Analıkız Yapısı: İşlev ve Kronolojisine Dair Bir Değerlendirme.
(İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2019) Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan
Özet: Van Kalesi'nin kuzeydoğu yamaçlarında, ova düzeyine yakın bir yükseltide Analıkız veya Hazine Kapısı olarak adlandırılan kaya anıtı yer almaktadır. Anıt ana kayaya işlenmiş bir platform ve gerisinde yine ana kayaya açılmış iki adet anıtsal nişten oluşur. Marr ve Orbeli'nin 1916 yılında gerçekleştirdikleri kazılardan bu yana Analıkız alanının işlevi, sitadelle ilişkisi, krallık açısından önemi, inşa evreleri ve mimari tasarımı hakkında ayrıntılı bir değerlendirme yapılmamıştır. Literatürde bu alan genel olarak Açık Hava Kutsal Alanı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Lehmann-Haup'tun 1898'lerde alanın kuzeyinde yer alan drenaj kanallarını kurban kanalı olarak tanımlaması açık hava kutsal alanı tanımını yerleştirmiş ve sonraki çalışmalara referans olmuştur. Bu makalede alanla ilgili literatür ve hikayeleri ve kazı sonuçları tekrar değerlendirilerek yeniden tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Minua ile başlamış olması muhtemel inşa faaliyetlerinin I. Argişti ve II. Sarduri ile devam ettiği yönündeki tespitler, bu alanın yapım evreleri de göz önüne alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Analıkız yapısının aslında açık hava kutsal alanı olmayabileceği, krallık için sadece başkente özel ünik bir anıtsal birim olabileceği ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu birimin kralların kroniklerinin yazılı olduğu stellerinin toplu olarak bulunduğu bir alan olabileceği ve bütün çevresel özellikleriyle beraber kapalı bir alan olabileceği arkeolojik ve filolojik kanıtlar üzerinden tartışılmıştır. Abstract: On the northeast sides of the Van Fortress, an elevation nearby, stands a rock monument on the plain named Analıkız or also called Hazine Kapısı. The monument consists of a platform engraved into the rock and two monumental niches. Yet ever since the excavations conducted by Marr and Orbeli in 1916, there have been no detailed examinations or evaluations of the functions of the field, the relationship to the citadel, its importance for the kingdom, the levels of construction or architectural design. In literature, this field is generally recognized as Open Air Sanctuary or the way Lehmann-Haupt defined in 1898. In this study, we attempted to reevaluate and redefine the literature, stories and excavation outcomes. The deductions suggesting construction activities initiating with Minua then continuing with Argishti I and Sarduri II have been made considering the construction levels of the field. The possibilities of Analıkız structure not being an open-air sanctuary but rather a monumental site for the kingdom, a field in which the steles with king’s chronicles carved onto them are gathered or a closed field with all of its surroundings have been discussed with the aid of archeological and philological proofs.
The younger Dryas layer at Boncuklu Tarla and the beginning of village life in the upper Tigris Basin
(ScienceDirect, 2023) Kodaş, Ergül
Recent archaeological excavations in the Boncuklu Tarla, Çemka Hoyük, ¨ and Kortik ¨ Tepe settlements in the Upper Tigris Basin have provided a number of finds from the pre-PPNA Period, the Younger Dryas. The new data also opens up the concept of the Proto-Neolithic Period to discussion again, which has been controversial for a long time in the East Jazeera and Northwest Zagros Region. In this context, architectural remains and other small finds discovered in the Boncuklu Tarla settlement area make it possible to re-examine the transition to sedentary life in the Upper Tigris Basin during the Late Epipalaeolithic/Proto-Neolithic Period and the PPNA Period. These archaeological finds show that there were some semi-sedentary or sedentary communities in the Upper Tigris Basin, which exhibits unique geographical and climatic features, starting with the Younger Dryas Period. This is different from the Natufian culture that is thought to have emerged in the Mediterranean temperate climate zone and is known only in the Southern Levant Region.
Yukarı Dicle Vadisi’nde Bulunan Sere Şippe Höyük üzerine ilk Gözlemler (Dargeçit/Mardin/Türkiye)
(Anadolu Arastirmalari, 2022) Kodaş, Ergül
2019 yılında tespit edilen Sere Şippe Höyük Mardin İli Dargeçit ilçesi Temelli Mahallesi sınırları içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Dicle Nehir yatağının yaklaşık 1500 m kuzey-batısında bulunan yerleşim yerinde, Ilısu Barajı ve HES Projesi kapsamında kazılar yapmakta olan Boncuklu Tarla kazı ekibi tarafından 2019 yılında yapılan yüzey araştırmasında çanak çömlek, yontmataş, sürtme taş, kemik alet ve parçaları ile süs eşyaları toplanarak koruma altına alınmıştır. Sere Şippe Höyük yerleşim yerinde toplanan yontmataş aletler, çanak-çömlek parçaları ve diğer buluntular yerleşimin hem Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem’de hem de Çanak-Çömlekli Neolitik Dönem’in başlarında iskan gördüğünü düşündürmektedir. Bilhassa bulunan çanak-çömlek parçaları Proto Hassuna çanak-çömlek geleneğine aittir ve höyüğün Çanak-Çömlekli Neolitik Dönem’in başlarında iskan gördüğüne işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca mikrolit aletlerin ve oluklu taş objelerin varlığı höyüğün Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem’de de iskan görmüş olabileceğini de düşündürmektedir. Höyükte toplanan parçalar arasında Halaf Dönemi çanak-çömlek parçaları ve yerleşim yerinin yakınlarında bulunan çakmaktaşı yatakları üzerinde Paleolitik Çağ’a ait aletler de bulunmaktadır.

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