Arkeoloji Bölümü Koleksiyonu
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Article Article Bodily boundaries transgressed: corporal alteration through ornamentation in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic at Boncuklu Tarla, Türkiye(Cambridge Univ Press, 2024) Kodas, Ergul; Baysal, Emma L.; Ozkan, KazimLack of contextual evidence for the use of small personal ornaments means that much of our understanding of ornamentation traditions within archaeological cultures is reconstructed from ethnographic comparisons. New in situ finds from the areas around the ears and mouth in burials at Boncuklu Tarla, a Neolithic settlement in Turkiye, add a novel dimension to the interpretation of stone 'tokens' or 'plugs'. This article presents a new typology for these artefacts and argues for their use as ear ornaments or labrets in a practice involving significant and lasting corporal alteration.Conference Object The Commercial Glass Containers of Tralleis Antique City: Flagon(2019) Hanar, ElifRemains of the ancient city of Tralleis, which was within the borders of the Caria Region in the ancient period, are located in the Topyatağı area of Aydın province. In the researches, detailed data were obtained on the city's gymnasium complex, residential areas, shops, necropolis and other structures. In the 2nd century AD, we see that different and new forms of vessels were produced using the mould blowing technique, while the vessels with angular lines produced during this period came to the fore with their functionality rather than decorative characteristics. Angular shaped glass vessels (flagon) were preferred for the transportation of traded liquids throughout the Roman Empire as they were more functional due to the ease of packaging in the trade of liquid substances compared to glass vessels with cylindrical bodies. This study aims to introduce and evaluate the flagon pieces unearthed in Tralleis excavations, to share the first scientific data on the subject and to contribute to the regional archaeology. These glass vessels called flagons were evaluated typologically and chronologically in the light of parallel materials with the excavation data. Samples included in the study were unearthed during the excavations carried out in the ancient city of Tralleis, especially in areas with gymnasium and arsenal between 1999 and 2008. These materials, which are seen to have been produced by the blow moulding technique, consist of profiled parts such as the rim parts, the rim and the part where the handle is protected together, the handle parts, the body parts and the base parts. It is concluded that the Tralleis flagon samples, which were handled typologically and chronologically in the light of the excavation data, originated from the 1-4th centuries AD, when the most prosperous periods of the Roman Empire were experienced. Before the flagons which are the main subject of the study are evaluated, information about the short history of glass, the location and history of the ancient city of Tralleis, Tralleis glasses, glass workshops in Tralleis and the origin, function, form development and propagation areas of the vessels produced as flagon will be included.Article Communal architecture at Boncuklu Tarla, Mardin province, Turkey(Near Eastern Archaeology, 2021) Kodaş, ErgülVillages of the Preceramic Neolithic in the Near East are marked by a new style of construction, created to play a new, essential function. Indeed, it is in this period that, outside of residential habitations, communal buildings make their first appearance in the heart of Near Eastern villages. It is without doubt one of the first clear, historical attestations of social differentiation/organization in architecture. Truly, reflections on such constructions lead one to attribute to them adjectives aimed at encapsulating their supposed functions, such as “collective,” “communal,” “monumental,” “public,” “cultic,” “storage structures,” or even “megalithic” (Aurenche and Kozlowski 2000; Stordeur 2014; Watkins 2006; Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2014; Hauptmann 2012). The terminology here reflects considerably varying interpretations, often complementary and essentially derived from the architectural data, as the buildings reveal ground plans and internal structures that are quite distinct.Book Part D. Ersun, “Development of Toga Statues in Anatolia”, içinde: Z. Gölen - İ. Serbestoğlu (Ed.) New Trend in Social and Liberal Sciences (2017) 341-352.(Gece Kitaplığı, 2017) Ersun, DurmuşToga is a costume authentic to Roman citizens. The origin of the costume still preserves its' vagueness in both ancient and also in today's modern resources. As a result of the attributions to the ancient resources made by researchers, hypotheses centre upon the Etruscans. Today's researchers have initiated the development of the costume at the first quarter of the 1st century BC in light of the existing substantial sculpture work. 4 different types in costume can be seen from the 1st century BC until the end of the 4th century AC. The Toga dressed statues confiscated at Italian centred cities of Rome have been presented to the world of science with the work of H. R. Goette headed “Studien zu römischen Togadarstellungen”. Havé-Nikolaus Felicitas, on the other hand, has evaluated the toga dressed statues of Rome located in provinces over Greece with his work headed “Untersuchungen zu den kaiserzeitlichen Togastatuen griechischer Provenienz”. An oriented study of the development of the toga dressed statues have not yet been made in our day in Anatolia. With this study presented here, in light of the examples from Anatolia with the examples confiscated from the Italian centred cities of Rome and provinces over Greece; the periodical paralellism of the process of the typological and chronological development of the toga dressed statues from the 1st century BC until the 5th century AC have been put forth. Thus, another obscurity regarding Roman sculpture in Anatolia has been brought to light.Article The Door of Ḫaldi in Pagan/Yeşilalıç and A New Approach on Susi Temple(Aramazd IX/2: 67–76., 2015) Genç, B.…Article Excavations at the Mound of Van Fortress - 2011(Colloquium Anatolicum XI: 219-245., 2012) Konyar, E., Ayman, İ., Avcı, C., Yiğitpaşa, D., Genç, B., Akgün, R. G.…Article Excavations at the Old City, Fortress, and Mound of Van: Work in 2017(2018) Erkan KONYAR, Bülent GENÇ, H. Banu KONYAR, Armağan TAN et Can AVCI…Other Excavations at the Old City, Fortress, and Mound of Van: Work in 2018(Anatolia Antiqua, 2019) Bülent Genç; Erkan Konyar; Can Avcı; Armağan TanThe citadel at the site of Van Fortress-Tushpa rises on a natural rock formation and consists of three main sections including the Van Fortress Mound in the north and the Old City of Van in the south and the Citadel of Tushpa. In the 2018 excavation season, excavations were carried out on the mound and the citadel. The rooms that are connected to the columned hall, which was found in trenches M25 and N25 on the Van Fortress Mound between 2015 and 2017, were completely exposed in the north-south direction. As we have encountered in other trenches in the previous years, Urartian architecture in this area also consists of two building levels, “Early Urartian” and “Late Urartian”. In 2018, ex¬cavations concentrated on the section between the Urartian buildings in trenches N20 and N21 to the west of the mound and the columned hall in the east at the highest part of the mound. Excavation work started in trenches N24 and M24 to the west of the columned hall, and levels belonging to the Medieval/Modern, Post-Urartian/Late Iron, and Urartian pe¬riods were exposed. The part of the citadel area that is known as “Širšini of Minua” was cleared and investigated through soundings in order to un-derstand its function.Article Excavations at the Van Fortress, the Mound and the Old City of Van in 2012(Colloquium Anatolicum XII/Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü: 193-210., 2012) Konyar, Erkan; Avcı, Can; Genç, Bülent; Akgün, Rıza Gürler; Tan, ArmağanThe capital of the Urartians, a kingdom centred at Lake Van basin be tween the ninth and the sixth centuries BC, was at the city of Van/Tushpa. The city of Van comprises a citadel rising on top of a mass of conglomerate rocks measuring 1345 m long, 200 m wide and 100 m high, and a lower city surrounding the citadel (Fig. 1). The lower city of Van in the Urartian period comprised the area known as The Mound of Van Fortress to the north of the citadel and the old city of Van to the south of the citadel. This area has been inhabited from the Early Bronze Age to the early twentieth century AD. The fortifications and foundations troughs of the citadel, building floors easily discernible on the rock-hewn platforms, open-air cult areas, rock-tombs for kings, royal annals inscribed on rock surfaces, inscribed stelae, and construc tion inscriptions all indicate an advanced and large state structureConference Object Findings That Shows Glass was Discovered in Mesopotamia(2021) Hanar, ElifThrough excavations in many different countries, the science of archaeology makes important contributions to the determination of the origin, usage patterns and distribution areas of the material remains produced by humans. The origins of the use of glass, which has an important place in our daily life, and the way glass material has traveled, of course, is an important subject worth researching. The aim of this study is to share the first and primary data on the origin of the use of glass as a material. Glass, as you all know, is a liquid material, but it doesn't behave like the fluids we know. Because glass is a fascinating and unique material that cannot be included in either the realm of liquids or the realm of solids. It has fascinated countless people since our ancestors produced the first glass thousands of years ago. Despite all that time, it has not grown old and still continues to fascinate many people. It is defined as a transparent, translucent or opaque, amorphous, artificial material that solidifies without crystallization, formed by melting glass silica, potash or soda, lime and other additives together. Glass, which has become an integral part of contemporary life after the technological and artistic stages recorded in the past thousands of years, is an important material that is completely natural but created with human hands and contribution, symbolizing the success of human beings in benefiting from natural resources with intelligence and creativity. We learn from ancient sources and cuneiform tablets that the first written data to form a basis for the production of glass, which we do not know exactly where, how and when it was produced. Glass-like shiny objects have been used in the Near East since the 5th millennium BC. The earliest records of glass making technology were found in cuneiform tablets found in Mesopotamia, while the earliest tablet containing a formula for glazing was found in Tell-Umar on the Tigris River. In this tablet dating to the 17th century BC, it is recorded that glassmaking was a well-structured tradition. It is known that the first glass was produced in Mesopotamia around the 3rd millennium BC and artificial glass was first used as a layer of glaze covering stone and ceramic beads in Mesopotamia in 3500-3000 BC. In 2500 BC, beads and amulets were made entirely of glass material. It has been observed that after 1500 BC, glass containers were produced in Mesopotamia in Western Asia, during the period of the Kingdom of Mitanni, using the inner mould technique and that the glass containers produced in Mesopotamia spread over a wide area in Iran, Elam, Babylon in Eastern Syria, Palestine on the Mediterranean coast, Cyprus, and in the Middle East and Near East, including Mycenae in Greece. Glass is a versatile material that has been in constant evolution over the centuries. When we examine the chronological development of glass; It is understood that this material has been functionalized in small pieces for many years and has become an indispensable part of daily life today, as it was in the past, and preserves its feature of being a material that is loved and used.Book Part “From Khazane Kapoussi/Hazine Kapısı to Analıkız: Rethinking a Place at Tušpa Citadel”(Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 2019) Bülent GençAbstract: There are two monumental niches carved onto the bedrock in the area called Hazine Kapısı/Analıkız at Tušpa Citadel. This area was formed by setting up stelae within monumental niches and represents a significant architectural practice that is unparalleled in the Kingdom of Urartu. The niche to the west features the annals of Sarduri II. The annals relate various activities of the king, and do not make any references that would identify the area. However the area is generally identified today as an open-air sanctuary or a temple. Hazine Kapısı/Analıkız has been completely unearthed down to the bedrock by the excavations carried out by Layard, Orbeli and Lake at various times. This article attempts to redefine this area through an evaluation of the excavations and their results. It discusses in particular the reasons for its identification as an open-air sanctuary, and explains its significance for the kingdom and its relationship with the citadel through concrete evidence.Conference Object GRE FILLA (AMBAR I) MOUNT GLASS FINDS(2021) Hanar, ElifWithin the scope of the Silvan Project, Silvan, Ergani, Çermik, Ambar, Başlar and Kuruçay dams were built on the branches of the Upper Tigris basin feeding from the north, which is fed by many streams originating from the south-facing slopes of the Southeastern Taurus Mountains and the northern skirts of Karacadağ and Mardin-Midyat Plateau. Three mounds named Ambar Höyük, Gre Fılla (Ambar I) Höyük and Kendale Hecala Höyük are affected from the Ambar Dam, which was built 5 km south of Ambar Village, 6 km west of Kocaköy District. The whole of Gre Fılla (Ambar I) mound, located in the village on the west coast of Ambar Stream, remains in the water retention area. Within the scope of the Ambar Dam Rescue Project, salvage excavations have been planned in Gre Fılla (Ambar I) Mound. The excavations started in this mound are the first archaeological excavations to be carried out in this part of the Upper Tigris basin. A large number of glass vessels have been found during the excavations that started in 2018 and are still ongoing. Almost all of the glass vessels identified were found as a whole. When we consider it on the basis of production technique, it is understood that these containers are produced with free blowing technique and mold blowing technique. Glass vessels unearthed during the Gre Fılla (Ambar I) Mound excavations; Includes sprinkler, bottle and plate forms. It has been observed that these vessels, which are generally produced in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD and called as sprinkler, have a wide rim, a long neck, sometimes an onion body and sometimes a conical body. As can be seen in the early bottles and unguentariums, there is a narrowing on the inside of the neck of these vessels where it meets the body. Samples of these vessels with flat bodies as well as decorated samples were found. In addition to the sprinklers, unguentarium and bottle samples produced by free blowing technique and probably produced in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, and a plate, possibly produced in the 4th century AD, are among the glass vessels. Glass vessels unearthed during the Gre Fılla (Ambar I) Mound excavations show similar characteristics to glass vessels produced between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD.Article Article Marro, C., Özfırat, A., "Pre-classical Survey in Eastern Turkey. First Preliminary Report: the Ağrı Dağ (Mount Ararat) region", Anatolia Antiqua XI, 2003: 385-422.(2003) Marro, Catherine; Özfırat, Aynur…Article Marro, C., Özfırat, A., "Pre-classical Survey in Eastern Turkey. Second Preliminary Report: the Erciş region", Anatolia Antiqua XII, 2004: 227-265.(2004) Marro, Catherine; Özfırat, Aynur…Article Article Memory of destroyed Khorsabad, Victor Place, and the story of a shipwreck(Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2021) Genç, BülentVictor Place was appointed as a consul to Mosul in 1851, where having arrived in 1852 he started excavations at Khorsabad. Financial problems forced him to stop this activity towards the end of 1853. As the Interior Ministry appointed him to another post in 1854, he wanted to transport the Khorsabad finds before he left Mosul. However, the roads were extremely unsafe because of the Muntafiq Arab tribes' revolt. The local authorities repeatedly warned Place about this problem, stressing that he should wait until after the revolt was over before leaving. But despite these warnings, Place transported the Khorsabad finds from Mosul to Baghdad by keleks (rafts). The plan was then to transport them to Basra from Baghdad. Place set off on the river with a fleet made up of four keleks and a ship. Smuggled goods loaded on the ship made it heavier and attracted the attention of looters. On 21 May 1855, the fleet was attacked by bandits in the region of Kurna, located between Baghdad and Basra. The ship and two keleks sank at the spot, while the remaining two keleks arrived at Basra with some of the rescued goods. Various attempts to retrieve the sunken finds then followed. This article accordingly considers new data on the Kurna accident, drawing on Ottoman archival sources, particularly reports written at the time that discussed the possible causes of the accident and the negligent actions linked to it. As the destroyed memory of Khorsabad makes clear, archaeology cannot be rushed.Book Part MOLD-BLOWN GLASS VESSELS IN DİYARBAKIR MUSEUM(AIHV Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre International Association for the History of Glass, 2021) Hanar, Elif; Hanar, ElifI have studied 583 glass vessels from Diyarbakır Museum Glassware Collection. Nearly all of these glass vessels which have a great variety of forms are in good conditions and have been well preserved so far. According to the scientific researches, it was found out that the glass vessels in Diyarbakir Museum’s glass collection were generally produced between 6th century B.C and 13th century A.D. It was investigated whether the glass vessels having rich forms of diversity were the production of a centre in the region and incase of the existence of such a centre, it was investigated by which production centres it was affected. In addition, it was aimed to find new information about glass trade of Diyarbakır province located in the crossroads of trade routes of antique period. The vessels at issue were classified under the headings of oinochoe, aryballos, alabastron, amphoriskos, unguanteria, bottles, bowls, plates, cups, candles, spreaders, jar, glass and amulets and were evaluated individually. With regard to technique, the glass vessels concerned were produced with core formed technique, rod formed technique, free blowing technique and mould blowing technique and were decorated with different decoration techniques such as feather, upsetting and pinching. The vessels which will be mentioned in this presentaion include seventy four glass vessels which were produced by using mould blown technique. These glass vessels include Date-shaped Bottle, Grape Cluster-shaped Bottle, Head-shaped Bottle, Sprinkler, Ribbed Bottle and Hexagonal Bottle with Jewish Symbols. The earliest one of these bottles is Date-shaped Bottle which dates back to 1st century A.D. The latest one of these samples is Hexagonal Bottle with Jewish symbol which dates back to 5th and 6th centuries A.D.
