Arkeoloji Bölümü Koleksiyonu
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Article Khorsabad/dūr-šarrukin Kazısı ve Asar-ı Atika\rMizamnamelerine Etkisi(Istanbul Univ, 2021) Genc, BulentWhen Paolo Emilio Botta was appointed to Mosul as the French consul in the last quarter of the 19th century, significant developments in Mesopotamian archeology occurred. During Botta's studies in the Mosul area, a resident of the village of Khorsabad mentioned reliefs and inscriptions on top of a hill. Botta dispatched a group of workmen to Khorsabad on March 20, 1843, after three months of arduous work in Kuyunjik. However, problems began to arise shortly after his work in Mosul. Particularly Mehmed Pasha in the province creates various obstacles. In this context, we searched the Ottoman Archives to learn more about Botta's excavation permits and documents, the obstacles created by the Pasha of Mosul, and the details, background, and correspondence of Botta's story in Khorsabad. We came across many documents, which included details as to the problems Botta experienced in Khorsabad, the conditions about the excavation permit and the construction of the excavation house, the plan of the excavation house mentioned by Botta, which was shown to be like a castle next to the village houses and sent to Istanbul, and the petitions of the villagers against Botta's research and the excavation house. In this article, we tried to understand how this period was understood and handled by re-reading Botta's excavation periods, permit documents, and the problems he encountered through the available documents. In particular, in the context of Khorsabad, we reviewed the excavation permission and articles given to Botta and examined its contribution to the Asar-i Atika Regulations.Other Excavations at the Old City, Fortress, and Mound of Van: Work in 2018(Anatolia Antiqua, 2019) Bülent Genç; Erkan Konyar; Can Avcı; Armağan TanThe citadel at the site of Van Fortress-Tushpa rises on a natural rock formation and consists of three main sections including the Van Fortress Mound in the north and the Old City of Van in the south and the Citadel of Tushpa. In the 2018 excavation season, excavations were carried out on the mound and the citadel. The rooms that are connected to the columned hall, which was found in trenches M25 and N25 on the Van Fortress Mound between 2015 and 2017, were completely exposed in the north-south direction. As we have encountered in other trenches in the previous years, Urartian architecture in this area also consists of two building levels, “Early Urartian” and “Late Urartian”. In 2018, ex¬cavations concentrated on the section between the Urartian buildings in trenches N20 and N21 to the west of the mound and the columned hall in the east at the highest part of the mound. Excavation work started in trenches N24 and M24 to the west of the columned hall, and levels belonging to the Medieval/Modern, Post-Urartian/Late Iron, and Urartian pe¬riods were exposed. The part of the citadel area that is known as “Širšini of Minua” was cleared and investigated through soundings in order to un-derstand its function.Article Özfırat, A., "The Early Iron Age Cemeteries of the Lake Van Basin: An Overview of Burial Tradition of pre-Urartian", Changes and Developments in Burial Customs in Eastern Anatolia-Southern Caucasus and its Vicinity from the Late Chalcolithic Period to the Late Iron Age, Proceedings of the Session organized at European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) 20th Annual Meeting (İstanbul, 10-14 September 2014), Eds. A. Özfırat, M. Işıklı, B. Genç, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi (TÜBA-AR) Özel Sayı, Ankara: 149-185.(2018) Özfırat, AynurThe aim of this article is to evaluation of the burial tradition of pre-Urartians in the basin of Lake Van. After the Middle Bronze Age, which had a strong pastoral character, and towards the end of the Late Bronze Age, new pottery, architectural and metallurgical traditions, new settlement pattern and new burial customs emerged in the highland of eastern Anatolia in the Early Iron Age. One of the most remarkable changes is the settlement system, great numbers of fortresses and their cemeteries in the highlands and foothills have been recorded in eastern Anatolia which is also the case southern Caucasia and northwestern Iran. A ruling elite together with a hierarchical social structure and the steps towards the sedentary life started to form around the socio-economic centers, a lifeway between pastoralism and sedentary had taken place in the whole region. Lake Van Basin is the most investigated area, excavations at cemeteries of Ernis (Ünseli) Karagündüz, Yoncatepe, Dilkaya, and a great number of cemeteries which is mainly connected with the highland fortresses found in the survey represent the Early Iron Age burial tradition in the basin. The graves and stelae from Hakkari are quite remarkable finds of the pre-Urartian elite, or the rulers of Uruatri and Nairi lands. This paper also emphasizes the role of Early Iron Age investigations in the basin which is important for the foundation period of the Urartian Kingdom as well as understanding the local polities of pre-Urartians.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 4A text of Shalmaneser I from Üçtepe and the location of Šinamu(Anatolian Studies, 2022) Genç, Bülent; Macginnis, JohnThis article presents a newly discovered cuneiform text from the site of üçtepe in Diyarbaklr province in southeastern Turkey. The text bears a previously unknown inscription of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I. While incomplete, it never-theless gives the most extensive lists of the conquests of Shalmaneser I yet known, including a number of previously unattested toponyms. This is in itself an important contribution to the historical documentation of the Middle Assyrian period. Furthermore, the fact that the text was written to record Shalmaneser's rebuilding of the city wall of Sinamu allows us to propose that üçtepe is to be identified with the site of ancient Šinamu, known to have been an important centre from the late third millennium BC and subsequently a regional capital in the provincial system of the Middle Assyrian empire. This is a significant advance on our previous understanding of the historical geography of the region. These issues are discussed in the context of the Middle Assyrian occupation of the Upper Tigris and the results of the archaeological exploration of recent decades.Book Part The Tuspa Mound Columned Hall(Archaeopress, 2023) Genç, Bülent; Konyar, ErkanTuspa, the capital city of the Urartian kingdom, today identified with the Van Fortress, rises on a conglomerate rock and extends approximately 1,250 meters long in the east-west direction, 70-80 meters wide in the north-south and rises approximately 100 meters high on the eastern shores of Lake Van. The Tuspa Mound, which has been continuously settled since the Bronze Age, was the lower settlement of the city during the Urartian period and extends along the north of the citadel. The excavations carried out between 2010-2019 at the Tuspa Citadel and Mound revealed important chronological and stratigraphic data. The Tuspa Mound excavations in particular unearthed structure layers, as well as the architectural and material culture, related to the Urartian period. The identification of building levels belonging to the Middle and Modern Ages, Post-Urartian/Late Iron Age, Urartian, Early Iron, and Bronze Ages has provided important contributions to understanding the settlement history of the Lake Van Basin. In this article, the structure and archaeological data of the columned hall belonging to the Early Urartian Building Level, which was unearthed as a result of 10 years of excavation at Tuspa Mound are evaluated and the results are interpreted.Article The Door of Ḫaldi in Pagan/Yeşilalıç and A New Approach on Susi Temple(Aramazd IX/2: 67–76., 2015) Genç, B.…Book Part D. Ersun, “Development of Toga Statues in Anatolia”, içinde: Z. Gölen - İ. Serbestoğlu (Ed.) New Trend in Social and Liberal Sciences (2017) 341-352.(Gece Kitaplığı, 2017) Ersun, DurmuşToga is a costume authentic to Roman citizens. The origin of the costume still preserves its' vagueness in both ancient and also in today's modern resources. As a result of the attributions to the ancient resources made by researchers, hypotheses centre upon the Etruscans. Today's researchers have initiated the development of the costume at the first quarter of the 1st century BC in light of the existing substantial sculpture work. 4 different types in costume can be seen from the 1st century BC until the end of the 4th century AC. The Toga dressed statues confiscated at Italian centred cities of Rome have been presented to the world of science with the work of H. R. Goette headed “Studien zu römischen Togadarstellungen”. Havé-Nikolaus Felicitas, on the other hand, has evaluated the toga dressed statues of Rome located in provinces over Greece with his work headed “Untersuchungen zu den kaiserzeitlichen Togastatuen griechischer Provenienz”. An oriented study of the development of the toga dressed statues have not yet been made in our day in Anatolia. With this study presented here, in light of the examples from Anatolia with the examples confiscated from the Italian centred cities of Rome and provinces over Greece; the periodical paralellism of the process of the typological and chronological development of the toga dressed statues from the 1st century BC until the 5th century AC have been put forth. Thus, another obscurity regarding Roman sculpture in Anatolia has been brought to light.Letter The Urartian Fortress at Ömerağa-Gölyüzü on the southern slope of Mt. Ağrı (Bozkurt Settlement Complex), in the city of Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu)(Colloquium Anatolicum, 2018) Özfırat, AynurCampaigns of Urartian started to the region of Mt Ağrı in the earlier stage of the kingdom in the reigns of Ishpuini (830-810 BC) and Minua (810-785/780 BC). The region became part of Urartian land when the Early Iron Age kingdom of Eriqua captured and the foundation of the new fortress-city at Minua- hinili by King Minua. Major fortresses and fortified cities of Late Bronze-Early Iron Age (pre-Urartu) and Middle Iron Age (Urartu) were mostly located in settlement complexes in the highland of eastern Anatolia. They can be considered as urban and administrative centers of small independent polities of pre-Urartian and Urartians. Settlement complexes at Mt Ağrı, Melekli and Karakoyunlu (Iğdır plain- south of the Araxes valley) on the northern slope were localized respectively as Luhiuni, the capital of Early Iron Age kingdom of Eriqua and Minuahinili, the fortress-city of Urartu. Bozkurt settlement complex (Doğubayazıt plain) on the southern slope must be within the borders of these cities. Urartian settlement at Bozkurt contains a central fortress (Ömerağa-Gölyüzü) and an outpost - road station (Bozkurt Fortress 2). The Urartian fortress at Ömerağa-Gölyüzü can be suggest that it was the primary administrative center on the southwestern slope of Mt Ağrı interconnected with Minuahinili.Article Citation - WoS: 2Lake Van Basin Urartian Period Road Routes Survey: First Preliminary Report (2017-2018): Muradiye And Tuşba Districts(Ege Univ, 2021) Gokce, Bilcan; Kuvanc, Rifat; Genc, BulentFor about two-hundred-fifty years between the mid-9th - early 6th centuries BC, the Urartian Kingdom established its hegemony in Eastern Anatolia and the neighboring regions of Northwestern Iran, Nakhchivan, and Armenia, as the most influential political, military, and economic power of its time. Despite the rugged geography and rough climatic conditions of this mountainous terrain, the Urartu thrived by developing a centralized administrative state apparatus. Urartu excelled in many areas of state-building, including road networks. Particularly textual sources and supporting archaeological evidence demonstrate the importance of road networks for the Urartian state. Surveys in Tushba and Muradiye districts have allowed us to identify the main route of the northern capital road, which continues north and reaches Muradiye Plain, and an alternative northern route that follows the Karasu Stream valley towards Muradiye Plain. An eastern route, which enabled the kingdom to exert control in Northwestern Iran, goes through Ozalp district of Van province across the modern border to Iran and reaches Hoy and Salmas. These alternative and auxiliary routes along deep canyons that developed over time suggest that the Urartian state had established an intricate security web in its dominion.Article Excavations at the Van Fortress, the Mound and the Old City of Van in 2012(Colloquium Anatolicum XII/Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü: 193-210., 2012) Konyar, Erkan; Avcı, Can; Genç, Bülent; Akgün, Rıza Gürler; Tan, ArmağanThe capital of the Urartians, a kingdom centred at Lake Van basin be tween the ninth and the sixth centuries BC, was at the city of Van/Tushpa. The city of Van comprises a citadel rising on top of a mass of conglomerate rocks measuring 1345 m long, 200 m wide and 100 m high, and a lower city surrounding the citadel (Fig. 1). The lower city of Van in the Urartian period comprised the area known as The Mound of Van Fortress to the north of the citadel and the old city of Van to the south of the citadel. This area has been inhabited from the Early Bronze Age to the early twentieth century AD. The fortifications and foundations troughs of the citadel, building floors easily discernible on the rock-hewn platforms, open-air cult areas, rock-tombs for kings, royal annals inscribed on rock surfaces, inscribed stelae, and construc tion inscriptions all indicate an advanced and large state structureArticle Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 8Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey(Elsevier, 2022) Kodaş, Ergül; Yelözer, Sera; Çiftçi, Yunus; Baysal, Emma L.Among the artefacts of fundamental importance in the context of symbolism and iconography during the Neolithization process in northern Mesopotamia, there is much research about, and publication relating to, human figurines or statues, animal figurines or statues, figured stone objects, stone vessels, bone plaques, wall decoration (paint, relief, or incision) and stone pillars. While among these various research topics bone plaques have been noticeably less studied than other classes of small finds, they are gradually gaining importance. From the figurative and typological perspective, these objects carry importance for their visual characteristics and their regional variety, but it is notable that their typological differences and functions are still not well understood. This study opens a new debate about the techno-typological characteristics, regional distribution, and modes of use of these objects starting from a group of bone plaques recovered from burial contexts during the excavations of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement of Boncuklu Tarla in southeast Turkey. Portable symbolic artefacts are found to show significant overlaps between materials, iconography and use as well as regional identities and temporal continuities in techniques and decoration.Article A New Urartian Inscription of Argisti I from Aznavurtepe Near Patnos(Aramazd VII/1: 99-104., 2012) Işık, K., Çavuşoğlu, R., Genç, B.…Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 5Communal Architecture at Boncuklu Tarla, Mardin Province, Turkey(Univ Chicago Press, 2021) Kodas, ErgulVillages of the Preceramic Neolithic in the Near East are marked by a new style of construction, created to play a new, essential function. Indeed, it is in this period that, outside of residential habitations, communal buildings make their first appearance in the heart of Near Eastern villages. It is without doubt one of the first clear, historical attestations of social differentiation/organization in architecture. Truly, reflections on such constructions lead one to attribute to them adjectives aimed at encapsulating their supposed functions, such as "collective," "communal," "monumental," "public," "cultic," "storage structures," or even "megalithic" (Aurenche and Kozlowski 2000; Stordeur 2014; Watkins 2006; Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2014; Hauptmann 2012). The terminology here reflects considerably varying interpretations, often complementary and essentially derived from the architectural data, as the buildings reveal ground plans and internal structures that are quite distinct.Article Özfırat, A., Sagona, A., "Early Bronze Age Material from İmikuşağı, East-Central Anatolia", Mediterranean Archaeology 9-10, 1996-97: 127-149.(1997) Özfırat, Aynur; Sagona, Antonio…Conference Object Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2THE POSSIBLE USE OF ANCIENT TOWER TOMBS AS WATCHTOWERS IN SYRO-MESOPOTAMIA(INT SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY REMOTE SENSING C/O SCHOOL OF SURVEYIN, 2015) Silver, Minna; Torma, Markus; Silver, Kenneth; Okkonen, Jari; Nunez, Milton; Yen, YN; Weng, KH; Cheng, HMTraditionally polygonal tower tombs dating from the Greco-Roman era, especially found in the area of Syro-Mesopotamia, have only been treated as funerary structures without discussion of their other possible purposes. In this paper we wish to inquire whether they had other functions as well. The most famous examples of these types of tombs are situated in Palmyra in Syria. They are built of limestone, follow a square layout, and some exceed the height of 20 m. Similar structures are found in the Euphrates valley of Syria. The Finnish project SYGIS that worked in the neighbourhood of the Euphrates and Palmyra during the previous decade studied some of the structures in the region. As far as the tower tombs are concerned, our research suggests that new structural, topographical and spatial aspects can be raised, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) can be applied for analysing their properties for visibility. The tendency to locate tower tombs along roads and the entrance areas of a city as well as at a mountain edge seems to indicate that the tombs may have had observational functions serving as watch towers. The aspects of the location in terrains are emphasized in the present study, and digital terrain models were utilized using SRTM DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data for carrying out viewshed analyses in order to survey the observational qualities of the towers in Palmyra, on Halabiya, on Jebel Bishri in Syria and Hatra in Iraq.Article PROCAVIIDAE (HYRACOIDEA: MAMMALIA) FROM THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE INFILLINGS OF KARAIN CAVE, ANTALYA, TURKEY: BIOGEOGRAPHIC AND PALAEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS(2021) Pickford Martin, Taşkıran Harun, Özçelik Kadriye, Kartal Gizem, Aydın Yavuz, Erbil Eşref, Kösem Beray, Fındık Betül, Mayda SerdarAbundant procaviid fossils from archaeological contexts at Karain Cave, Antalya, Turkey, comprise the first record of this extant family of Hyracoidea outside Afro-Arabia. The relatively large body dimensions of the remains, which are attributed to Procavia capensis (the rock hyrax) indicate that the climate was relatively cool and humid, more so than the region where the nearest extant neighbours survive, the subspecies Procavia capensis syriaca, which is a smaller animal living in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.
