Kızıltepe Meslek Yüksekokulu

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Allelic variations of glutenin subunits and their association with quality traits in bread wheat genotypes
(2017) Aktaş, Hüsnü; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad
The present study was conducted to evaluate the genotype × environment interaction of the yield and quality traits for five bread wheat varieties commonly grown in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and 20 advanced lines developed within the framework of the International Winter Wheat Improvement Project. We also determined the allelic pattern of the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci of these genotypes and examined whether these loci had an effect on the quality traits. There was a significant variation among the genotypes and environments in terms of grain yield, protein content, sedimentation volume (SV), and the extensograph dough energy value (EDEV). The results of the study indicated that genotypic effect was more influential on SV and EDEV than environmental effect; thus, both traits could be used in breeding programs to develop elite cultivars with better quality. Twelve different high-molecularweight (HMW) glutenin alleles were identified at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci, resulting in 14 allelic combinations, and 17 different alleles were observed in 19 combinations for low-molecular-weight (LMW) subunits. Furthermore, among all the genotypes, 13 + 16 and 13 + 19 alleles at Glu-B1 and 5 + 12 at Glu-D1 were observed to have the lowest frequency. Our study indicated that the combinations of HMW glutenin alleles with 2* at Glu-A1, 17 + 18 and 13 + 16 at Glu-B1, and 5 + 10 at Glu-D1, as well as the combinations of LMW alleles with subunits c and d at Glu-A3; subunits d, b, c, and g at Glu-B3; and subunits a and b at Glu-D3 had positive effects on the quality traits.
Canker and leaf scorch on olive (Olea europaea L.) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey
(ScienceDirect, 2022) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, Sibel
In a recent survey of olive groves in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey, a new and serious decline of olive trees, beginning with foliar scorching and then dieback of twigs, branches, and even whole trees, was observed for the first time. In more advanced stages of the disease, necrosis and cankers were observed on the bark of the trunk, branches, and twigs. Isolations from symptomatic tissues from multiple cultivars in diverse locations yielded Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, which were identified using ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci of genomic DNA, in combination with morphological data. In vitro studies showed that conidial germination, hyphal growth, and pycnidia formation of the pathogen were positively correlated with elevated temperatures. Wild type olive “Delice”, “Edincik Su”, and “Memecik” seemed like the most resistant cultivars on which disease severity values were the lowest among 14 screened olive cultivars in two experimental orchards under natural conditions. Pathogenicity tests showed that “Gemlik” was the most susceptible cultivar showing the largest cankers and extensive scorch lesions. Isolates caused canker but not leaf scorch on O. europaea cultivars “Arbequina” “Halhalı”, “Manzanilla”, “Nizip Yağlık”, and “Saurani”. Neoscytalidium isolates are likely to have a negative impact on the health of diverse olive groves, which are primarily confined to Mediterranean-type climatic regions. These findings suggest an increased risk of infection in environments with increasing temperatures, as is common in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. The information gathered in this study will be used to examine the disease's epidemiology and establish disease control initiatives. This is also the first report of N. dimidiatum infecting O. europaea in the world.
The characterization of phenolic compounds via LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activities of Salvia absconditiflora, Salvia sclarea, and Salvia palaestina: A comparative analysis
(ScienceDirect, 2022) Önder, Alev; İzgi, Mehmet Necat; Cinar, Ahsen Sevda; Zengin, Gökhan; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah
Abstract Salvia L. genus, one of the medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is represented by many endemic species in temperate regions worldwide. The Salvia species have plenty of usages in traditional medicine, important pharmacological effects and economic value. In this context, this study was conducted to evaluate the chemical profile and potential bioactivity of ethyl acetate extracts from 3 different Salvia species; Salvia absconditiflora (Salvia cryptantha- an endemic species), S. sclarea and S. palaestina collected from different localities in Anatolia. Total phenolic-flavonoid contents, antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition experiments were investigated in tested Salvia species. The phenolic profiles were also determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in ethyl acetate extracts such as cynaroside, rosmarinic acid, cosmosiin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin. The highest level of phenolic components was detected in S. absconditiflora with 74.16 mg GAE/g. The best radical scavenging and reducing abilities were found in S. absconditiflora (DPPH: 251.39 mg TE/g; ABTS: 340.16 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 496.20 mg TE/g; FRAP: 322.94 mg TE/g). Moreover, the inhibition of AChE, BChE, and α-amylase has also been studied. The most potent AChE inhibitory ability was recorded in S. sclarea (4.00 mg GALAE/g), followed by S. palaestina (3.38 mg GALAE/g) and S. absconditiflora (3.01 mg GALAE/g). The extracts exhibited similar amylase inhibitory effects. These results reveal that Salvia species [S. absconditiflora (S. cryptantha), S. sclarea and S. palaestina] confirming their potential can be rich sources of promising bioactive compounds as a starting point for further analysis. In addition, it is thought that this study may be the new report for the construction of helpful databases in terms of shedding light on future research and researchers with the valuable information obtained about these economically important Salvia species.
Effect of Different Harvest Dates to Essential Oil Components of Oil-Bearing Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) in Mardin
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2022) İzgi, Mehmet Necat
Rosa damascena Mill. is the most prominent rose source for the manufacturing of rose oil, rose water, concrete, and absolute from flower petals. The purpose of this study was to see how different harvest dates affected the essential oil components and rates obtained from flowers in oil rose planted for the first time in Turkey's Mardin Province. Blossoms were taken five times with three replications, at around one-week intervals, from a garden in the Yaylabaşı district at 6:00 a.m. (4, 11, 18, 24, and 31 May). Animal manure and leonardite were used instead of chemical fertilizers for plants. No chemical pesticides have been applied. Essential oil components of the oils obtained by a water distillation system (Clevenger apparatus) were determined by GC/MS. The citronellol ratio, which is the most important component for the quality of the essential oil in the plant, was found to be highest (35.90%) in the first harvest period and lowest in the last harvest period (17.57%). Geraniol levels decreased in the first three harvests, with the greatest level (27.16%) coming in the last harvest. The percentages of citronellol/geraniol varied between 1.51 and 0.65 depending on the different harvest dates. Nerol rates peaked at 15.44% on the first harvest, progressively declined until the fourth harvest (7.92%), then slightly increased on the fifth harvest. Nonadecane continuously increased from the first to the last harvest (4.10%-11.66%). No methyl eugenol was detected. Mardin is a promising location for oil-bearing rose cultivation, given the essential oil components and their ratios.
Effects of different nitrogen doses on thymoquinone and fatty acid composition in seed oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)
(AOCS AND WILEY, 2021) İzgi, Mehmet Necat
Black cumin,Nigella sativaL. belonging to Ranunculaceae, is a valuablemedicinal plant because of the curative effects of seed and oil. Despite studieson black cumin, there are few studies on the effects of nitrogen on fatty acidcomposition, no records on thymoquinone yield, and the thymoquinone contentof the seed oil. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen doses on the seedoil yield, thymoquinone ratio/yield, and fatty acid compositions were investi-gated. Field studies with nitrogen doses (0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kg/ha) werestudied using the randomized plot design. As a result of the research, nitrogendoses significantly affected the oil and thymoquinone yields while insignificanton the thymoquinone ratio. The highest oil yield with 501.6 kg/ha was obtainedfrom 80 kg/ha of the nitrogen doses, while the highest thymoquinone yield with10.24 kg/ha was obtained from the control plots. Thymoquinone yields were inthe same statistical group with other nitrogen doses, except for means of100 kg/ha nitrogen doses. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids were major fattyacids of black cumin, and their variations were insignificant in nitrogen applica-tions. The values of butyric, capric, and linolenic acids varied significantly in dif-ferent nitrogen doses. As a result of the study, it was determined that thehighest oil yield was obtained from 80 kg/ha nitrogen application. It has beendetermined that nitrogen doses above 60–80 kg/ha should be avoided for theseed oil and thymoquinone yields in black cumin.
First report of fruit rot of eggplant caused by Pythium viniferum in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2021) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Özer, Göksel; Çiftçi, Osman; Derviş, Sibel
In August 2019, symptoms including dark brown and irregular sunken lesions or blights on the fruit pedicel and calyx of eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) occurred with a 3% incidence in two felds in Şanlıurfa province of Turkey.
First report of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt on lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) in Turkey(
(Journal of Plant Pathology, 2021) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Koşar, İslim; Derviş, Sibel; Günen, Utku
[No abstract available]
First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback on almond (Prunus dulcis) in Turkey
(Springer, 2021) Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, Sibel
Turkey is the world's fourth-largest almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] producer. In July 2020, 10% of 2,600 9-year-old almond trees cultivars Ferragnes and Ferraduel in Bozova district of Şanlıurfa province showed symptoms of yellowing, gumming, branch and trunk cankers, and dieback. Surface-disinfected wood tissue samples exhibiting visible internal necrosis were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After seven days of incubation at 25 °C in the dark, 12 similar fungal colonies with dark grey colouration were isolated. The isolates Lt01Pd and Lt02Pd were randomly selected for identification, pathogenicity, and deposited in Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Culture Collection with accession number BAIBU0738-0739. Fruiting bodies were stromatic, black, 150–250 µm in diameter, and irregular or globose pycnidia with an apical ostiole. Paraphyses produced within pycnidia were hyaline, cylindrical, septate, and up to 60 µm long. Immature conidia formed inside the pycnidia were initially unicellular, hyaline, and ellipsoidal, whilst mature conidia were one-septate, dark brown, and measuring 18.5–23.0 μm × 11.5–13.5 μm (n = 50). BLAST searches for the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA region (ITS: GenBank accession Nos. MW733864-MW733865), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF-1α: GenBank accession Nos. MW733862-MW733863), and β-tubulin 2 gene (BT2: GenBank accession Nos. MW733860-MW733861) sequences at GenBank exhibited 99.81% similarity for ITS (NR_111174) and 100% similarity for TEF-1α (AY640258) and BT2 (EU673110) sequences of type strain CBS 164.96 of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. Pathogenicity of each isolate on ten 1-year-old P. dulcis cv. Ferragnes seedlings was verified by replacing five-mm diameter bark disks of stems with the same-sized mycelial plugs. Control seedlings (n = 10) were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2 °C. In the inoculated plants, necrotic lesions with an average length of 6 to 8 cm on wood tissues were observed within 4 weeks. Control seedlings remained symptomless. The same fungus was only re-isolated from symptomatic tissues. In California, a similar canker disease of almond caused by L. theobromae has been reported (Chen et al. 2013). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing dieback on almond in Turkey (Farr and Rossman 2021).
First report of leaf blight of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2021) Alkan, Mehtap; Özer, Göksel; Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, Sibel
In July 2020, a leaf blight disease with intense defoliation on Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) plants was observed in a pilot experiment feld in Akçakale and a commercial feld in Haliliye with an incidence of 5.4 and 11.7%, respectively, in Şanlıurfa province. After a surface-sterilization for 1 min with 1% NaOCl, isolations from symptomatic tissues of six afected plants for each feld consistently yielded a fungus with the same colony morphology on potato dextrose agar. Cultures were powdery with a thick aerial mycelium, initially white that changed from olive green to black within 10 days.
First report of Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot on common sage (Salvia officinalis) in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2021) İslim, Koşar; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, Sibel; Kırlı, Onur; Özer, Göksel
Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial herb or sub-shrub native to the eastern Mediterranean. In July 2020, symptoms of chlorosis, wilting, and root rot appeared in 25% of two-year-old S. officinalis cv. Elif plants in two fields (N 36°53'42.457'', E 38°55'34.777''; N 36°53'27.236'', E 38°55'38.618'') in Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
First report of Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2022) Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Üner, Senem Ece; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, Sibel
Lemon balm (Melissa ofcinalis L.) is native to the Eastern Mediterranean region and Western Asia and is a well-known medicinal plant of Lamiaceae due to its valuable aqueous and alcoholic extracts (De Sousa et al. 2004). In the summer of 2021, wilting and root rot were observed on about 20% of two-year-old M. ofcinalis cv. Melis plants in a feld of Koruklu village, Akçatepe district of Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum associated with dieback and canker of common fig (Ficus carica L.) in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2022) Güney, İnci Güler; Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, Sibel
In 2020, a canker disease with dieback of branches and decline of various fig trees in Şanlıurfa and Mardin provinces of Turkey was observed. The causal pathogen was identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci. Koch’s postulates were confirmed by successful re-isolation of N. dimidiatum only from plants inoculated with the pathogen. This is the first report of N. dimidiatum associated with dieback and canker of common fig in Turkey.
First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing blight of Melissa officinalis in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2021) Özer, Göksel; Günen, Tacettin Utku; Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, Sibel
In July 2020, a blight disease on lemon balm plants was observed with an incidence of up to 10% in three fields in Sanliurfa province, Turkey. The causal agent was identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum based on macro- and micro-morphological features of the colonies and sequencing of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Re-isolation of N. dimidiatum from lemon balm plants showing blight symptoms was successfully established. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. dimidiatum causing blight on lemon balm in Turkey and worldwide.
First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing foliar and stem blight of lavender in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2021) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Turan, İrem; Koşar, İslim; Derviş, Sibel
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant in Turkey, with a cultivated area of 2,218 hectares in 2020 (TURKSTAT 2021). In June 2020, wilting, extensive stem and leaf blight or necrosis were observed in two-year-old lavender plants cultivated in the experimental felds of the GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
First report of Verticillium dahliae causing Verticillium wilt on avocado (Persea americana) in Turkey
(SpringerLink, 2022) Tok, Fatih Mehmet; Derviş, Sibel
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an expanding crop in Turkey grown on 949 ha, yielding 4,209 tons of fruit annually (FAO 2021). In June 2021, 5% of 220 5-year-old trees of cv. Hass grafted onto the rootstock Fuerte (36°06′25.6"N 35°59′16.7"E) in Samandağ district of Hatay showed symptoms of twig and branch dieback with brownish black leaf and bark discoloration. Vascular tissues of branches bearing blackened dead twigs were sampled from five trees. Tissues were surface disinfected in 1% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water (SDW), dried, placed on potato dextrose agar, and incubated at 25 °C. After 7 days, a slow-growing fungus was consistently recovered. Colonies were identified as Verticillium dahliae Kleb. on the basis of the presence of black microsclerotia (35.2 to 160.8 × 20.3 to 68.5 μm), verticillate conidiophores, and hyaline, elliptical, single celled conidia (2.9 to 7.3 × 2.2 to 3.8 μm) (Pegg and Brady 2002). Identification was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of rDNA amplified from one single-conidial isolate (AvVd01 deposited in the plant pathogenic fungal collection of the first author’s institution) using universal ITS1/ITS4 primers. BLAST analysis of the amplicon sequenced (GenBank accession No. MZ664289) showed 100% identity with a sequence of V. dahliae from kiwifruit in Turkey (MK287620.1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, 15 healthy 1-year-old P. americana ‘Hass’ seedlings were inoculated by submerging trimmed roots in a conidial suspension of 107 conidia/ml for 5 min using AvVd01. Ten control plants were dipped in SDW in the same manner. Inoculated plants showed symptoms identical to those of naturally infected plants within a month. V. dahliae was reisolated from inoculated plants but not from controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. dahliae causing wilt on avocado in Turkey (Farr and Rossman 2022). It is expected to cause more problems in avocado plantings previously dedicated to vegetable crops.
Fungal Pathogens Associated with Crown and Root Rot of Wheat in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Kazakhstan
(Journal of Fungi, 2022) Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Derviş, Sibel; Imren, Mustafa; Amer, Mohammed; Özdemir, Fatih; Paulitz, Timoth; Morgounov, Alexey; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Özer, Göksel
Kazakhstan is the fourteenth largest wheat producer in the world. Despite this fact, there has not been a comprehensive survey of wheat root and crown rot. A quantitative survey was conducted for the purpose of establishing the distribution of fungi associated with root and crown rot on wheat (Triticum spp.). During the 2019 growing season, samples were taken from the affected plants’ roots and stem bases. A total of 1221 fungal isolates were acquired from 65 sites across the central (Karagandy region), eastern (East Kazakhstan region), and southeastern (Almaty region) parts of the country and identified using morphological and molecular tools. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) sequences were successfully used to identify the species of fungal isolates. It was found that Bipolaris sorokiniana (44.80%) and Fusarium acuminatum (20.39%) were the most predominant fungal species isolated, which were present in 86.15 and 66.15% of the fields surveyed, respectively, followed by F. equiseti (10.16%), Curvularia spicifera (7.62%), F. culmorum (4.75%), F. oxysporum (4.10%), F. redolens (2.38%), Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 (1.06%), Nigrospora oryzae (0.98%), C. inaequalis (0.90%), F. pseudograminearum (0.74%), F. flocciferum (0.74%), Macrophomina phaseolina (0.66%), F. cf. incarnatum (0.33%), Fusarium sp. (0.25%), and F. torulosum (0.16%). A total of 74 isolates representing 16 species were tested via inoculation tests on the susceptible Triticum aestivum cv. Seri 82 and the results revealed that F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum, B. sorokiniana, Fusarium sp., R. solani, F. redolens, C. spicifera, C. inaequalis, and N. oryzae were virulent, whereas others were non-pathogenic. The findings of this investigation demonstrate the presence of a diverse spectrum of pathogenic fungal species relevant to wheat crown and root rot in Kazakhstan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. pseudograminearum, Fusarium sp., C. spicifera, and C. inaequalis as pathogens on wheat in Kazakhstan.
Interactive Effects of Number of Plants and Nitrogen Fertilization on Quality Parameters of salvia Officinalis L. Cultivated in Semi-Arid Environments
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Izgi, Mehmet Necat; Karaman, Sengul; Toncer, Ozlem
This research aimed to elucidate the interplay between number of plants and nitrogen dose on the agronomic attributes, as well as the essential oil yield and composition of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) in the challenging ecological conditions of Mardin, situated in South Eastern Anatolia. A split-plot experimental design was employed during 2018-2019, manipulating the variables of number of plants and nitrogen application rates. The experiment identified camphor, 1,8-cineole, alpha-thujone, and beta-thujone as the major components. The PCA analysis unveiled statistically significant inverse correlations between the concentration of camphor and 1,8-cineole, as well as alpha- and beta-thujone. The results demonstrated that the combination of lower plant number with elevated nitrogen levels yielded higher fresh herb dry herb and dry leaf. While lower plant number and higher nitrogen application independently exerted positive influences on essential oil production and yield, the interactive impact of these treatments yielded inconclusive results. Specifically, nitrogen treatments led to an increase in camphor content while reducing alpha- and beta-thujone contents in the essential oil. Conversely, lower plant numbers resulted in decreased camphor content and an increase in thujone content within the oil. In light of these findings, it is recommended that, under semi-arid conditions, optimal yields can be achieved by employing plant number of 50000 plants ha(-1) and a nitrogen fertilizer rate of 120 kg ha(-1). This research sheds light on the intricate relationship between agronomic factors and the quality of sage cultivation, offering valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices in semi-arid regions.
Interregional comparative analysis of farmers’ perceptions and expectations of climate change
(Italian Journal of Agronomy, 2022) Acıbuca, Veysi; Kaya, Aybüke; Kaya, Tuğçe
This study looked into the relationship and effects of agricultural activities in different regions of Turkey on climate change. This study aims to determine farmer awareness of climate change and its effects, as well as farmer adaptation capabilities in different regions of Turkey against climate change, and to develop extension and policy tools based on the findings. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys with farmers in the provinces where the research was conducted. In this context, a proportional sampling survey of 418 farmers was conducted. The collected information was subjected to factor analysis and the independent t-test. According to the findings, farmers associate climate change with precipitation, and the effect of precipitation and the risks it poses in increasing or decreasing crop yields are of particular concern. Farmers in the Southeastern Anatolia Region are more concerned about heat and drought than farmers in the Mediterranean Region. Furthermore, producers believe that human-caused factors and economic development have a greater impact on climate change than agricultural activities. Farmers in research areas are concerned that climate change will increase migration from rural areas and the decline of forests and animal species. As a result, raising individual awareness and utilising new technology in rural areas is critical. Farmers’ awareness of new and environmentally friendly agricultural techniques must be raised to increase their use. Highlights - Farmers associate climate change with drought. - According to the farmers, the leading factors causing climate change are human-induced factors that disrupt the ecological balance. - The most important concern regarding the effects of climate change is that production costs will increase. - Farmers are reluctant to implement adaptation or mitigation methods that can be developed against climate change.
Interregional comparative analysis of farmers’ perceptions and expectations of climate change
(Italian Journal of Agronomy, 2022)
This study looked into the relationship and effects of agricultural activities in different regions of Turkey on climate change. This study aims to determine farmer awareness of climate change and its effects, as well as farmer adaptation capabilities in different regions of Turkey against climate change, and to develop extension and policy tools based on the findings. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys with farmers in the provinces where the research was conducted. In this context, a proportional sampling survey of 418 farmers was conducted. The collected information was subjected to factor analysis and the independent t-test. According to the findings, farmers associate climate change with precipitation, and the effect of precipitation and the risks it poses in increasing or decreasing crop yields are of particular concern. Farmers in the Southeastern Anatolia Region are more concerned about heat and drought than farmers in the Mediterranean Region. Furthermore, producers believe that human-caused factors and economic development have a greater impact on climate change than agricultural activities. Farmers in research areas are concerned that climate change will increase migration from rural areas and the decline of forests and animal species. As a result, raising individual awareness and utilising new technology in rural areas is critical. Farmers’ awareness of new and environmentally friendly agricultural techniques must be raised to increase their use.
Morphological, physiological, molecular, and pathogenic insights into the characterization of Phytophthora polonica from a novel host, hazelnut (Corylus avellana)
(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Turkkan, Muharrem; Ozer, Goksel; Dervis, Sibel
Hazelnuts, constituting a significant global crop, hold paramount importance in Turkiye, contributing to approximately 71.14 % of the world's hazelnut cultivation area. In the summer of 2023, hazelnut trees in two orchards situated in the Altinordu district of Ordu province, within the Black Sea region of Turkiye, the largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts, exhibited symptoms of decline associated with root rot. Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic taproots, initiating an in-depth study to discern the causal agent behind the observed hazelnut decline. The species was identified as P. polonica by its distinctive morphological traits, including homothallic characteristics, amphigynous or paragynous antheridia, long nonbranching sporangiophores, and nonpapillate sporangia with internal proliferation. Multiple genetic markers (ITS, tub2, and COI) facilitated a clear differentiation of P. polonica from other Phytophthora species within Clade 9, supporting its classification within Subclade 9b. This investigation also evaluated the impact of diverse nutrient media (CA, V8A, and CMA), temperatures, and pH levels on the mycelial growth of P. polonica HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates. The optimal conditions for maximal mycelial growth were determined through the D-optimal design of the Response Surface Method, revealing the significant influence of all factors on mycelial growth. The identified optimal conditions were at 26.09 degrees C, pH 5.12, with CMA as the nutrient medium. Validation experiments conducted under these optimal conditions unveiled mycelial growth of 7.24 +/- 0.15 mm day(-1) and 6.81 +/- 0.09 mm day(-1) for P. polonica HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates, respectively, with an error of less than 5 %. Pathogenicity assessments confirmed P. polonica's virulence on hazelnuts, with distinct lesion development observed in twig inoculation, cut stem segments, and foliar tests. While no statistically significant difference was noted in lesion areas between HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates in twig and stem segment assays, a statistical difference in leaf lesion areas (19.96 +/- 2.04 cm(2) and 9.16 +/- 3.43 cm(2)) emerged in foliar tests after only a 5-day incubation period, indicating their high susceptibility to the pathogen. This study is the first to report P. polonica as a hazelnut pathogen in Turkiye and around the world, highlighting the previously non-existent threat of Phytophthora root rot in hazelnuts, given the substantial lack of scientifically documented cases related to hazelnut root rot diseases. The quadratic model design employed in physiological analyses is reliable for optimizing mycelial growth and can serve as a guiding framework for similar investigations.

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