Kelam ilminde ahâd haberin kullanımı (Eş'ari, Maturidi, Mu'tezile)
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2020
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Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Felsefenin İslam âlemine dahil olmasıyla birlikte bilgi ve bilgi kaynaklarının neler olduğu tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Haberin bir bilgi kaynağı oluşuyla ilgili İslam âlimleri ittifak halindedirler. Aynı şekilde mütevâtir haberin de Kur'an'dan sonra bir bilgi kaynağı olduğu konusunda ittifak halindedirler. Fakat haber-i vâhidin îtikâdî konularda delil olup olamayacağı ilk dönemlerden itibaren tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Hz. Peygamber ve sahabeler döneminde bu türden bir tartışma yaşanmamıştır. Bu tartışma hicri birinci asrın sonlarına doğru tartışılmaya başlandıysa da özellikle hicri ikinci asırdan sonra hadis uydurma faaliyetlerinin hız kazanmasıyla beraber Kelamcılar ve Hadisçiler arasında daha çok tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Selef ve bazı kelam âlimleri âhâd haberin hem îtikâdî konularda delil teşkil edebileceğini, hem de kendisiyle amel edilebileceğini savunurken; bazı kelam âlimleri, âhâd haberin sadece fıkhi konularda kullanılabileceğini, îtikâdî konularda ise, delil olarak kullanılmaması gerektiğini savunmuşlardır. Kelam âlimleri İslam epistemolojisini ele alırken, hangi kriterlerin esas alınması gerektiği konusunda farklı değerlendirmelerde bulunmuşlardır. Özellikle îtikâda taalluk eden hususlarda âhâd haberin delil olup olamayacağı konusu sürekli bir şekilde tartışılmıştır. Biz bu çalışmamızda, âhâd haberin îtikâdî alanda, üç temel mezhebin uygulamasını dikkate alarak değerlendirmeye çalışacağız.
With the inclusion of philosophy in the Islamic world, the sources of knowledge and the knowledge itself had started to be discussed. Islamic scholars are in agreement that khabar is a source of knowledge. They are also in agreement that khabar mutawatir is a source of knowledge after Qur'an. However, from the beginning, it has been discussed whether khabar-i wahid can be depicted as an evidence for matters related to belief. During the times of the prophet and His companions there had not been such a discussion. Although this discussion had started through the end of the first century of the hegira calendar, especially after the second century of the hegira calendar, with the increase in the number of fabricated hadith, this issue had started to be discussed much more frequently among theologians and traditionists. While some theologians and their predecessors argue that khabar ahad can be both accepted as an evidence and taken as the basis for matters related to belief, other theologians propound that khabar ahad can just be taken as the basis and it should not be used as an evidence for matters related to belief. While handling with the epistemology of Islam, theologians have had different approaches about which criteria to be based on. Especially whether or not khabar ahad can be a proof for the issues related to belief has been discussed incessantly. In this paper, we will be trying to examine khabar ahad in the field of theology by taking into account the practices of the three main sects.
With the inclusion of philosophy in the Islamic world, the sources of knowledge and the knowledge itself had started to be discussed. Islamic scholars are in agreement that khabar is a source of knowledge. They are also in agreement that khabar mutawatir is a source of knowledge after Qur'an. However, from the beginning, it has been discussed whether khabar-i wahid can be depicted as an evidence for matters related to belief. During the times of the prophet and His companions there had not been such a discussion. Although this discussion had started through the end of the first century of the hegira calendar, especially after the second century of the hegira calendar, with the increase in the number of fabricated hadith, this issue had started to be discussed much more frequently among theologians and traditionists. While some theologians and their predecessors argue that khabar ahad can be both accepted as an evidence and taken as the basis for matters related to belief, other theologians propound that khabar ahad can just be taken as the basis and it should not be used as an evidence for matters related to belief. While handling with the epistemology of Islam, theologians have had different approaches about which criteria to be based on. Especially whether or not khabar ahad can be a proof for the issues related to belief has been discussed incessantly. In this paper, we will be trying to examine khabar ahad in the field of theology by taking into account the practices of the three main sects.
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Keywords
Din, Religion, Ahad haber, Ahad news, Bilgi, Information, Bilgi kaynakları, Information sources, Eş`ari, Eş`ari, Haber kaynakları, News sources, Kelam, Islamic theology, Maturidi, Maturidi, Mezhepler, Sects, Mutezile, Mutazila, İslamiyet, Islam
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170