Ahlâk kavramı ve Kur'an'ın tasvir ettiği nüzûl dönemindeki Yahudilerin ahlâkı
Date
2022
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Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Bir ahkâm kitabı olmasının yanında bir ahlâk kitabı da olan Kur'an, yaşanmış hadiseler ve bu hadiselerde rol alan kişi ve toplumların ahlâkî yapıları üzerinden tüm insanlara ahlâkî dersler vermektedir. Bu tez çalışmamız, nüzûl döneminde, vahyin indiği coğrafyada Yahudilerin vahye konu olan huy ve davranışlarının Kur'an perspektifinden incelenmesi ve ahlâk tasavvurlarının tahlili niteliğindedir. Nüzûl dönemi Yahudilerinin, Müslümanlarla ve diğer topluluklarla olan münasebetlerinde vahye konu olmuş tutum, davranış ve karakterlerine bağlı olarak Kur'an'a yansıyan ahlâk tasavvurları araştırılmıştır. Nüzûl dönemindeki Yahudilerin ahlâk tasavvuru, evrensel ahlâki kavramlar üzerinden Tevrat'ın ve Kur'an'ın ahlâk prensipleriyle karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmamız üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde ahlâk konusu; ahlâk bilimcilerin görüşleri, İslam ve Yahudiliğin dini kaynakları bağlamında irdelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, nüzûl dönemine kadar Yahudilerin tarihi, inanç ve yaşayışları yanında Kur'ân'ın nazil olduğu dönemdeki Yahudilerin aynı coğrafyada, bir arada yaşadıkları Müslümanlarla ve diğer toplumlarla olan ilişkileri mercek altına alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise Yahudi ahlâkının tasvir edildiği ayetlerden yola çıkılarak, özellikle de klasik ve modern müfessirlerimizin yorumlarından istifade edilerek Yahudilerin ahlâk tasavvurları hakkında genel kanaatlere ulaşılmıştır. Yahudi ahlâkının Tanrı'ya ve insanlara bakan iki yönü vardır. Ahlâk Kur'an'da da bu yönleriyle ele alınmış, Yahudilerin ahlâk tasavvuru da bu minvalde değerlendirilmiştir. Yahudilerin temel dini kaynağı olan Tevrat'ın ahlâki ilkelerinin Kur'an'ın ahlâki ilkeleriyle uyuştuğu, Kur'an ve Tevrat'ın, ahlaki açıdan Yahudileri eleştiri konusu ettiği hususların da birçok yerde birbiriyle örtüştüğü görülmüştür. Genel olarak nüzûl dönemi Yahudileri Kur'an'da olumsuz ahlâk ile tavsif edilmiş, tutum ve davranışlarıyla eleştiriye tabi tutulmuşlardır. Bununla beraber onlar hakkında bildirilen menfi ahlâki hasletler onların tümüne teşmil edilmemiştir.
Pages Morality is a crucial phenomenon that leads the people's attitudes and behaviours in individual and social life. Ethics and religion have been dealt with in relation to each other in every phase of human history, since people ensure the happiness of the world and the hereafter. The Qur'an, which is a jugdement book as well as being a moral book, gives moral lessons to all people through the events that took place in history and the morality of the people and societies that took part in these events. This thesis is an examination of the habits and behaviors of the Jews in the geography of the revelation of the Qur'an, which are the subject of revelation, and an analysis of their moral conceptions from the perspective of the Qur'an. It was ınvestigated that the moral conceptions reflected in the Qur'an, depending on the attitudes, behaviors and characters of the Jews during the time the Quran was revealed, which were the subject of revelation in their relations with Muslims and other communities. The moral intention of the Jews during the time of the Quran was revealed was examined in comparison with the moral principles of the Torah and the Qur'an through universal moral concepts. This study includes three main parts. In the beginning part, morality was examined by the views of ethicists in the context of the religious sources of Islam and Jewishness. In the second part, the history, beliefs and lives of the Jews until the time of the Quran was revealed were examined. Moreover, during the time of the Qur'an was revealed, the relations of the Jews with the Muslims and other societies they lived together in the same geography were examined. In the third chapter, based on the verses in which Jewish morality is described, general opinions about the moral conceptions of the Jews were reached especially with the help of the interpretations of our classical and modern commentators.There are two aspects of jewish ethics that look at God and towards people. Morality is also discussed in the Qur'an with these aspects and the moral imagination of the Jews is avaluated in this way. It is seen that the moral principles of the Torah wich is the main religous source of the Jews, agree with the moral principles of the Qur'an, the issues that the Qur'an and the Torah criticize the jews about morality overlap in many places. In general, the Jews of the the time of the Quran was revealed were described in the Qur'an with negative morals and were criticized for their attitudes and behaviors. However, the negative moral traits reported about them have not been extended to all of them.
Pages Morality is a crucial phenomenon that leads the people's attitudes and behaviours in individual and social life. Ethics and religion have been dealt with in relation to each other in every phase of human history, since people ensure the happiness of the world and the hereafter. The Qur'an, which is a jugdement book as well as being a moral book, gives moral lessons to all people through the events that took place in history and the morality of the people and societies that took part in these events. This thesis is an examination of the habits and behaviors of the Jews in the geography of the revelation of the Qur'an, which are the subject of revelation, and an analysis of their moral conceptions from the perspective of the Qur'an. It was ınvestigated that the moral conceptions reflected in the Qur'an, depending on the attitudes, behaviors and characters of the Jews during the time the Quran was revealed, which were the subject of revelation in their relations with Muslims and other communities. The moral intention of the Jews during the time of the Quran was revealed was examined in comparison with the moral principles of the Torah and the Qur'an through universal moral concepts. This study includes three main parts. In the beginning part, morality was examined by the views of ethicists in the context of the religious sources of Islam and Jewishness. In the second part, the history, beliefs and lives of the Jews until the time of the Quran was revealed were examined. Moreover, during the time of the Qur'an was revealed, the relations of the Jews with the Muslims and other societies they lived together in the same geography were examined. In the third chapter, based on the verses in which Jewish morality is described, general opinions about the moral conceptions of the Jews were reached especially with the help of the interpretations of our classical and modern commentators.There are two aspects of jewish ethics that look at God and towards people. Morality is also discussed in the Qur'an with these aspects and the moral imagination of the Jews is avaluated in this way. It is seen that the moral principles of the Torah wich is the main religous source of the Jews, agree with the moral principles of the Qur'an, the issues that the Qur'an and the Torah criticize the jews about morality overlap in many places. In general, the Jews of the the time of the Quran was revealed were described in the Qur'an with negative morals and were criticized for their attitudes and behaviors. However, the negative moral traits reported about them have not been extended to all of them.
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219