19. Yüzyıl Kudüs Hıristiyanları
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2024
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Kadim kutsal şehir Kudüs, 19. yüzyıl'dan itibaren Batılı devletlerin siyasi ve dini faaliyetlerine sahne olmuştur. Osmanlı Kudüs'ü, Napolyon Bonapart'ın 1798'de Mısır işgaliyle başlayan kırılma sürecinin Mısır yönetimiyle (1831-1840) başka bir boyuta taşınması sonucu toplumsal düzeyde önemli bir değişim yaşamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'nin 1840'ta Tanzimat ile şehre dönmesi Mısır yönetimindeki değişim ve dönüşümün kalıcı hale gelmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu dönemde Kudüs'te açılan konsolosluklar, Osmanlı Devleti'nin tanzimatla birlikte verdiği imtiyazların şehirdeki uygulamasının takip mekanizması olarak kullanılmasını sağlamakta, ayrıca Hıristiyan cemaatlerin hakları gerekçesiyle Osmanlı'nın devlet siyasetindeki değiştirici gücünü ortaya koymaktadır. Bu imtiyazların yereldeki kontrolünün Osmanlı'nın dış politikasına etkisi, Kırım Savaşı'nın hem sebepleri hem sonuçları ölçüsünde örneklik teşkil etmektedir. Nitekim Osmanlı, Kırım savaşı sonrasında ilan ettiği Islahat Fermanı'yla Batıyı uzak tutmaya çalışsa da gayrimüslimlere bu Ferman ile verdiği haklar, Kudüs dönüşümünü hızlandırmış ve Kudüs şehrinin sur dışına taşmasıyla yeni bir şehir olarak yapılanmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, 19. Yüzyıl siyasetinin şehrin toplumsal yapısında oluşturduğu değişim, Hıristiyan cemaatler ve onları gerekçe gösteren Batılı devletlerin müdahalesi üzerinden okunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Kudüs'ün Hıristiyan cemaatleri, Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki hukuksal düzlemi ve şehir hayatı da ele alınarak 19. yüzyılda batı nüfuz hareketlerinde etkin faktör olan Hıristiyan cemaatlerin yüzyılın sonunda batının gölgesinde bir varlık mücadelesinde olduğu görülmüştür. Kudüs'ün bu dönemdeki dinamikleri, Batı'nın artan etkisi ve Osmanlı'nın iç ve dış politikaları ekseninde şekillenmiş ve yeni şehirdeki toplumsal yapının temellerinin atılmasında etkili olmuştur.
The ancient holy city of Jerusalem has been the scene of political and religious activities of Western states since the 19th century. Ottoman Jerusalem experienced a significant change at the social level as a result of the rupture process that started with Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt in 1798 and was carried to another dimension with the Egyptian administration (1831-1840). The Ottoman State's return to the city with the Tanzimat in 1840 caused the change and transformation in the Egyptian administration to become permanent. The consulates opened in Jerusalem during this period served as a mechanism to monitor the implementation of the concessions granted by the Ottoman Empire with the Tanzimat in the city, and also demonstrated the changing power of the Ottoman Empire in state policy on the grounds of the rights of Christian communities. The impact of the local control of these concessions on the Ottoman foreign policy is exemplified by both the causes and consequences of the Crimean War. As a matter of fact, even though the Ottoman Empire tried to keep the West at a distance with the Edict of Reform it declared after the Crimean War, the rights granted to non-Muslims with this Edict accelerated the transformation of Jerusalem and caused the city of Jerusalem to be structured as a new city by moving outside the city walls. In this study, the change in the social structure of the city caused by the politics of the 19th century is read through the Christian communities and the intervention of the Western states that justified them. In this context, the Christian communities of Jerusalem, its legal framework and urban life in the Ottoman Empire are also discussed, and it is seen that the Christian communities, which were an active factor in the western influence movements in the 19th century, were in a struggle for existence in the shadow of the west at the end of the century. The dynamics of Jerusalem in this period were shaped on the axis of the increasing influence of the West and the domestic and foreign policies of the Ottoman Empire and were effective in laying the foundations of the social structure of the new city.
The ancient holy city of Jerusalem has been the scene of political and religious activities of Western states since the 19th century. Ottoman Jerusalem experienced a significant change at the social level as a result of the rupture process that started with Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt in 1798 and was carried to another dimension with the Egyptian administration (1831-1840). The Ottoman State's return to the city with the Tanzimat in 1840 caused the change and transformation in the Egyptian administration to become permanent. The consulates opened in Jerusalem during this period served as a mechanism to monitor the implementation of the concessions granted by the Ottoman Empire with the Tanzimat in the city, and also demonstrated the changing power of the Ottoman Empire in state policy on the grounds of the rights of Christian communities. The impact of the local control of these concessions on the Ottoman foreign policy is exemplified by both the causes and consequences of the Crimean War. As a matter of fact, even though the Ottoman Empire tried to keep the West at a distance with the Edict of Reform it declared after the Crimean War, the rights granted to non-Muslims with this Edict accelerated the transformation of Jerusalem and caused the city of Jerusalem to be structured as a new city by moving outside the city walls. In this study, the change in the social structure of the city caused by the politics of the 19th century is read through the Christian communities and the intervention of the Western states that justified them. In this context, the Christian communities of Jerusalem, its legal framework and urban life in the Ottoman Empire are also discussed, and it is seen that the Christian communities, which were an active factor in the western influence movements in the 19th century, were in a struggle for existence in the shadow of the west at the end of the century. The dynamics of Jerusalem in this period were shaped on the axis of the increasing influence of the West and the domestic and foreign policies of the Ottoman Empire and were effective in laying the foundations of the social structure of the new city.
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