Sözlü Gelenek, Form Kritiği ve İnciller
Date
2019
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Open Access Color
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Abstract
İsa’nın ölümünden 35-70 yıl sonra bugün ‚İncil‛ diye tanımlanan anonim
metinleri kaleme alan yazarların hangi bilgi kaynaklarını kullandıkları
meselesi, araştırmacılar arasında tartışılan bir konudur. Bu bağlamda, İncil
yazarlarının bazen birbirlerinin metinlerini kaynak olarak kullandıkları ortaya konulmuştur. Bazen hipotetik bazı yazılı kaynakları da kullanmış oldukları düşünülmektedir. Ancak İncillerin arkasında ‚sözlü gelenek‛ denilen şifahi bir rivayet külliyatının bulunduğu da kabul edilmektedir. Sözlü gelenek; İsa hakkında 30’lu yıllardan II. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğine kadar
yayılarak dolaşan küçük, ayrı, bağımsız, sözlü anlatılardan oluşmaktadır.
Günümüzde ‚İncil‛ tabir edilen yazılı metinlerden hareketle, bu metinlerin arkasındaki sözlü geleneğin anlaşılmasına ve İncil yazarlarının reda ktörler olarak bu geleneği nasıl şekillendirdiklerine dair bilimsel arayışlar
ise ‚form kritiği‛ denilen metodolojik bir yaklaşımı öne çıkarmıştır. Form
kritiği, sözlü geleneğin yapısını, özgün temelini ve tarihini tanımlanmayı
amaçlayan bir disiplindir. Bu disiplin, İncil araştırmaları alanında önemli
sonuçlara ulaşmayı mümkün kılmaktadır. Wellhausen, Schmidt, Dibelius
ve Bultmann gibi Alman araştırmacılar, bu alanın öncü isimleri olmuşla rdır. Bununla beraber, form kritiği konusu, tıpkı Kitab-ı Mukaddes Kritiği
kapsamındaki diğer yöntemler gibi Türk akademisi özelinde boş bırakılmıştır. Bu makale, İncil rivayetlerinin arka planını oluşturan ‚sözlü gelenek‛ kavramına ve bu süreci çeşitli açılardan inceleyen ve aydınlatmaya
çalışan ‚form kritiği‛ yöntemine, Türk akademisinin dikkatini çekmeyi
amaçlamaktadır.
What kind of sources were used by the authors of the anonymous te xts that were written in 35-70 years after Jesus’ death and were subsequently defined as ‚Gospels‛ is a topic discussed among researchers. In this context, it has been revealed that the authors of the Gospels use not only each other’s texts as sources but also some hypothetical sources. However, it is also accepted that there is a corpus of narrative called the ‚oral tradition‛ behind the Gospels. The oral tradition consists of small, separate, independent, and oral narratives about Jesus which spread from around 30 C.E. to the second quarter of the second century. With reference to the written texts called Gospels today, scientific research for the understanding of the oral tradition behind these texts and how the Gospel writers to shape this tradition as redactors have highlighted a methodological approach called ‚form criticism‛. Form criticism is a discipline that aims to define the structure, original basis and the process of the oral tradition. This discipline makes it possible to reach important conclusions in the field of Gospel studies. German researchers such as Wellhausen, Schmidt, Dibelius, and Bultmann are leading names in this field. Nevertheless, just like the other methods included in Biblical Criticism, form criticism is not known by the Turkish academy. This article aims to attract the attention of the Turkish scholars to the oral tradition behind the Gospels and to the form criticism method that tries to clarify the oral tradition.
What kind of sources were used by the authors of the anonymous te xts that were written in 35-70 years after Jesus’ death and were subsequently defined as ‚Gospels‛ is a topic discussed among researchers. In this context, it has been revealed that the authors of the Gospels use not only each other’s texts as sources but also some hypothetical sources. However, it is also accepted that there is a corpus of narrative called the ‚oral tradition‛ behind the Gospels. The oral tradition consists of small, separate, independent, and oral narratives about Jesus which spread from around 30 C.E. to the second quarter of the second century. With reference to the written texts called Gospels today, scientific research for the understanding of the oral tradition behind these texts and how the Gospel writers to shape this tradition as redactors have highlighted a methodological approach called ‚form criticism‛. Form criticism is a discipline that aims to define the structure, original basis and the process of the oral tradition. This discipline makes it possible to reach important conclusions in the field of Gospel studies. German researchers such as Wellhausen, Schmidt, Dibelius, and Bultmann are leading names in this field. Nevertheless, just like the other methods included in Biblical Criticism, form criticism is not known by the Turkish academy. This article aims to attract the attention of the Turkish scholars to the oral tradition behind the Gospels and to the form criticism method that tries to clarify the oral tradition.
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Keywords
Dinler Tarihi, Hıristiyanlık, İnciller, Sözlü Gelenek, Form Kritiği, History of Religions, Christianity, Gospels, Oral Tradition, Form Criticism.
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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Source
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Volume
Issue
46
Start Page
297
End Page
327