WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/3595

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An Assyrian Royal Relief at Elin in the Tur Abdin (kasiari)
(Walter de Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Genç, Bülent; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
The focus of this study is a recently discovered rock relief in the village of Olin/Elin/Yak & imath;nca, 30 km south-southeast of Midyat. This relief aligns with the route of Ashurnasirpal II's campaign in 879 BC, providing new insights into the Assyrian entry into the Tur Abdin region. The main objectives of the study are to identify and date the Elin relief by analyzing its location, execution, and iconography within the broader context of Ashurnasirpal II's military campaign.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
Bodily boundaries transgressed: corporal alteration through ornamentation in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic at Boncuklu Tarla, Türkiye
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2024) Kodaş, Ergül; Baysal, Emma L.; Ozkan, Kazim; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Lack of contextual evidence for the use of small personal ornaments means that much of our understanding of ornamentation traditions within archaeological cultures is reconstructed from ethnographic comparisons. New in situ finds from the areas around the ears and mouth in burials at Boncuklu Tarla, a Neolithic settlement in Turkiye, add a novel dimension to the interpretation of stone 'tokens' or 'plugs'. This article presents a new typology for these artefacts and argues for their use as ear ornaments or labrets in a practice involving significant and lasting corporal alteration.
Boncuklu Tarla A new pre-ceramic Neolithic site in Eastern Anatolia
(SOCIETE PREHISTORIQUE FRANCAISE, 2018) Kodaş, Ergül; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
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Boncuklu Tarla: Production and Social Dynamics of a Middle PPNB Knapped Stone Workshop (Mardin/Türkiye)
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Kodaş, Ergül; Kodas, Ergul; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Boncuklu Tarla, located about 2 kilometres west of the Tigris River, is one of the few sites continuously occupied throughout the entire Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period. This site offers key insights into the evolving techniques and typologies of knapped stone tool production during the Neolithisation process. In 2017, excavations revealed a knapped stone workshop on the floor of a domestic structure, dated to the Middle PPNB. A total of 2,067 artefacts-including cores, flakes, debris, and unprocessed raw material-were found in situ, stacked together. Of these, 1,564 pieces are flint and 503 are obsidian. The finds are especially significant for understanding the use of pressure flaking techniques. Detailed typological and technological analyses, supported by experimental studies, have helped reconstruct all stages of the cha & icirc;ne op & eacute;ratoire in this production context. The Boncuklu Tarla assemblage contributes important data on Neolithic craft specialization and the organization of lithic production within domestic spaces.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 5
Communal Architecture at Boncuklu Tarla, Mardin Province, Turkey
(Univ Chicago Press, 2021) Kodas, Ergul; Kodaş, Ergül; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Villages of the Preceramic Neolithic in the Near East are marked by a new style of construction, created to play a new, essential function. Indeed, it is in this period that, outside of residential habitations, communal buildings make their first appearance in the heart of Near Eastern villages. It is without doubt one of the first clear, historical attestations of social differentiation/organization in architecture. Truly, reflections on such constructions lead one to attribute to them adjectives aimed at encapsulating their supposed functions, such as "collective," "communal," "monumental," "public," "cultic," "storage structures," or even "megalithic" (Aurenche and Kozlowski 2000; Stordeur 2014; Watkins 2006; Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2014; Hauptmann 2012). The terminology here reflects considerably varying interpretations, often complementary and essentially derived from the architectural data, as the buildings reveal ground plans and internal structures that are quite distinct.
Khorsabad/dūr-šarrukin Kazısı ve Asar-ı Atika\rMizamnamelerine Etkisi
(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2021) Genç, Bülent; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Musul’a Fransa konsolosu olarak atanan Paolo Emilio Botta ile 19. yüzyılın son\rçeyreğinde Mezopotamya Arkeolojisi’nde önemli değişimler yaşanmaya başlar.\rBotta’nın Musul çevresinde yaptığı araştırmalar sırasında Khorsabad köyünden\rgelen bir kişi, bir tepenin üzerine inşa edilmiş kabartmalarla bezeli taşlar ve\ryazıtlardan bahseder. Kuyunjik’teki üç ay süren yorucu çalışmalardan sonra Botta,\r20 Mart 1843’te bir grup işçisini Khorsabad’a göndererek kazıya başlatır. Ancak\rBotta’nın Musul’daki çalışmalarında bir süre sonra bazı problemler baş göstermeye\rbaşlar. Özellikle vilayetteki Mehmed Paşa’nın çeşitli engeller oluşturduğu\rgörülmektedir. Bu bağlamda Botta’nın kazı izin ve belgelerini, Musul Paşası’nın\rengellerini ve Botta’nın Khorsabad’ta yaşadığı hikâyenin ayrıntılarını, arka planını\rve konu ile ilgili yazışmalarını öğrenmek için Osmanlı Arşivi’nde araştırmalarda\rbulunduk. Botta’nın Khorsabad’da yaşadığı problemler, kazı iznine ve kazı evi\rinşasına dair şartlar, Botta’nın bahsettiği ve köy evlerinin yanında bir kale gibi\rçizilerek İstanbul’a gönderilen kazı evinin planı ve köylülerin Botta’nın çalışmalarına\rve kazı evine karşı sunduğu dilekçeler gibi belgelerle karşılaştık. Bu makalede\rsöz konusu belgeler üzerinden Botta’nın kazı dönemlerini, izin belgelerini ve\rkarşılaştığı problemleri yeniden okumaya çalışarak bu dönemin nasıl ele alındığını\rve nasıl değerlendirildiğini anlamaya çalıştık. Özellikle Khorsabad bağlamında\rBotta’ya verilen kazı iznini ve maddelerini gözden geçirerek sonraki Asar-ı Atika\rNizamnameleri’ne katkısını irdeledik.
Kün Aftare Settlements: First Reports on the Neolithization Process in the Northern Habur Valley
(Istanbul Univ, 2024) Kodaş, Ergül; İpek, Bahattin; Dinç, Onur; San, Mehmet; Dinc, Onur; Mentese, Devrim Hasan; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
The Neolithization process in southeastern Anatolia has been the subject of many studies over the years. However, these have primarily been concentrated & Scedil;anl & imath;urfa region provide important information on the Neolithization process in the mountainous region between these two rivers. The 2023 Archaeological Survey of the Pleistocene and Early Holocene Period in the Artuklu, K & imath;z & imath;ltepe, Ye & scedil;illi, and Neolithic Period in the Northern Habur Valley. In this context, the settlements the unique Neolithization process of the Northeastern Habur Valley, a key area to both southeastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia.
Citation - WoS: 2
Lake Van Basin Urartian Period Road Routes Survey: First Preliminary Report (2017-2018): Muradiye And Tuşba Districts
(TARIH INCELEMELERI DERGISI, 2021) Genç, Bülent; Kuvanç, Rıfat; Genç, Bülent; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
For about two-hundred-fifty years between the mid-9th - early 6th centuries BC, the Urartian Kingdom established its hegemony in Eastern Anatolia and the neighboring regions of Northwestern Iran, Nakhchivan, and Armenia, as the most influential political, military, and economic power of its time. Despite the rugged geography and rough climatic conditions of this mountainous terrain, the Urartu thrived by developing a centralized administrative state apparatus. Urartu excelled in many areas of state-building, including road networks. Particularly textual sources and supporting archaeological evidence demonstrate the importance of road networks for the Urartian state. Surveys in Tushba and Muradiye districts have allowed us to identify the main route of the northern capital road, which continues north and reaches Muradiye Plain, and an alternative northern route that follows the Karasu Stream valley towards Muradiye Plain. An eastern route, which enabled the kingdom to exert control in Northwestern Iran, goes through Özalp district of Van province across the modern border to Iran and reaches Hoy and Salmas. These alternative and auxiliary routes along deep canyons that developed over time suggest that the Urartian state had established an intricate security web in its dominion.
Melekli-Kultepe (Igdir) Mound, Urartian Fortress and Columbarium in Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu) on the northern slope of Mt Agri
(MERSIN UNIV PUBL RES CENTER CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 2017) Özfırat, Aynur; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
In this article the Urartian settlement in Melekli-Igdir is discussed together with the new sites investigated during the Mt Agri survey and the excavations undertaken at the Melekli-Kultepe Columbarium by P. F. Petrov (1913) and K. Balkan (1966). The most remarkable sites of Mt Agri survey are those described as complex settlements, these are Melekli and Karakoyunlu on the north foot and Bozkurt on the south foot. These kinds of settlements spread over a vast area were inhabited for a long period between the Late Chalcolithic Period and the Middle Iron Age (Urartu) or the Late Iron Age (Achaemenid), related to each other. There are mounds, fortresses, lower cities and cemeteries that comprise different periods in the horizontal stratification system at each one of these complex settlements in important locations. Melekli and Karakoyunlu located at the north foothills of Mt Agri and Igdir Plain - Aras Valley posses complexes of the area with the most important archaeological finds. Melekli and Karakoyunlu are important centers also for the Early Iron Age and Middle Iron Age (Urartu). This region was taken within the Urartian borders in the conquest of Eriqua, an Early Iron Age local kingdom, and a new province was established by the Urartian King Minua (810-785/780 BC). Besides its fertile soils, the Igdir Plain - Aras Valley was also important with regards to being a gateway point for southern Transcaucasia-northwestern Iran. According to the inscriptions, King Minua built his new city Minuahinili at Karakoyunlu (Fortress II) as the center of the new province besides another Fortress (Bulakbasi 2). Numerous new Urartian fortresses which were detected in our research indicate that the city of Minuahinili had developed through the new settlement over the course of adjustments conducted at this region and Southern Caucasia-Northwestern Iran by both Minua and the subsequent kings: Melekli-Lanetlitepe and Bozkurt Fortress II were outposts - road stations situated on both sides of the Mt Agri western pass; Omeraga-Golyuzu Fortress was the central fortress located at the southern slope; the Aktas Fortress was a garrison-city on the northern slope. Melekli Urartian settlement contains an outpost - road station (Lanetlitepe Fortress), which was probably established by King Minua. Its inhabitation seems to have persisted without interruption, together with the settlement and columbarium at Kultepe Mound and the fort (?) (Deliktas Mound). Melekli, with its location at the west end of the plain and on the Mt Agri - southern Transcaucasia - northwestern Iran gateway, was the most important point between the city of Minuahinili and Eastern Anatolia.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Memory of destroyed Khorsabad, Victor Place, and the story of a shipwreck
(Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2021) Genç, Bülent; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Victor Place was appointed as a consul to Mosul in 1851, where having arrived in 1852 he started excavations at Khorsabad. Financial problems forced him to stop this activity towards the end of 1853. As the Interior Ministry appointed him to another post in 1854, he wanted to transport the Khorsabad finds before he left Mosul. However, the roads were extremely unsafe because of the Muntafiq Arab tribes' revolt. The local authorities repeatedly warned Place about this problem, stressing that he should wait until after the revolt was over before leaving. But despite these warnings, Place transported the Khorsabad finds from Mosul to Baghdad by keleks (rafts). The plan was then to transport them to Basra from Baghdad. Place set off on the river with a fleet made up of four keleks and a ship. Smuggled goods loaded on the ship made it heavier and attracted the attention of looters. On 21 May 1855, the fleet was attacked by bandits in the region of Kurna, located between Baghdad and Basra. The ship and two keleks sank at the spot, while the remaining two keleks arrived at Basra with some of the rescued goods. Various attempts to retrieve the sunken finds then followed. This article accordingly considers new data on the Kurna accident, drawing on Ottoman archival sources, particularly reports written at the time that discussed the possible causes of the accident and the negligent actions linked to it. As the destroyed memory of Khorsabad makes clear, archaeology cannot be rushed.
New Observations on Pre-Pottery Neolithic Earrings and Lip Labrets at Boncuklu Tarla. Age, Gender and Social Identity
(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2025) Kodaş, Ergül; Erdem, Çağdaş; Ozer, Ismail; Labedan-Kodas, Charlotte; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02.01. Department of Anthropology / Antropoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
New data from the excavations at Boncuklu Tarla reveal that objects previously classified as ambiguous stone artefacts, tokens, or more commonly stone earplugs, are, in fact, labret earrings. The discovery of these objects in situ during the excavations has, more specifically, led to a reevaluation of their definition. Our study of the burials in which these objects were found not only validate their use as body ornaments but also provide further data highlighting their significance. We can now engage in a discussion of concepts such as individual and social identity, taking into account the age and gender of the individuals associated with these objects. This article therefore aims to discuss the earrings and labrets recovered from burial contexts during the 2017 excavation season at Boncuklu Tarla, establishing their typology and focusing on the age and gender of the deceased wearing them, while reinterpreting them through the lens of identity. (c) 2025 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Citation - Scopus: 1
New Urartian Inscriptions from Malazgirt, East Turkey, and the Localization of the City of Mezaiani
(AMER ORIENTAL SOC, 2023) Genç, Bülent; Genç, Bülent; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Located in the northwest of the Lake Van basin, the city of Malazgirt was an important area of the kingdom of Urartu from its earliest period due to its strategic location. Inscriptions of king Minua (810–785/80 BCE) mention important construction projects, including fortresses, temples, and irrigation canals, in and around Malazgirt. This article deals with the Urartian presence in Malazgirt, presents new Urartian inscriptions, and considers their significance for historical geography. Particularly important is the Leter stele, which informs us of the correct reading of the name of the irrigation canal built by King Minua—Mezaiani, the antecedent form of Malazgirt. Another stele documents the agricultural activities of King Argišti (780–756 bc).
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
THE POSSIBLE USE OF ANCIENT TOWER TOMBS AS WATCHTOWERS IN SYRO-MESOPOTAMIA
(INT SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY REMOTE SENSING C/O SCHOOL OF SURVEYIN, 2015) Silver, Minna Angelina; Torma, Markus; Silver, Kenneth; Okkonen, Jari; Nunez, Milton; Yen, YN; Weng, KH; Cheng, HM; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Traditionally polygonal tower tombs dating from the Greco-Roman era, especially found in the area of Syro-Mesopotamia, have only been treated as funerary structures without discussion of their other possible purposes. In this paper we wish to inquire whether they had other functions as well. The most famous examples of these types of tombs are situated in Palmyra in Syria. They are built of limestone, follow a square layout, and some exceed the height of 20 m. Similar structures are found in the Euphrates valley of Syria. The Finnish project SYGIS that worked in the neighbourhood of the Euphrates and Palmyra during the previous decade studied some of the structures in the region. As far as the tower tombs are concerned, our research suggests that new structural, topographical and spatial aspects can be raised, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) can be applied for analysing their properties for visibility. The tendency to locate tower tombs along roads and the entrance areas of a city as well as at a mountain edge seems to indicate that the tombs may have had observational functions serving as watch towers. The aspects of the location in terrains are emphasized in the present study, and digital terrain models were utilized using SRTM DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data for carrying out viewshed analyses in order to survey the observational qualities of the towers in Palmyra, on Halabiya, on Jebel Bishri in Syria and Hatra in Iraq.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 6
REMOTE SENSING, LANDSCAPE AND ARCHAEOLOGY TRACING ANCIENT TRACKS AND ROADS BETWEEN PALMYRA AND THE EUPHRATES IN SYRIA
(INT SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY REMOTE SENSING C/O SCHOOL OF SURVEYIN, 2015) Silver, Minna Angelina; Torma, Markus; Silver, Kenneth; Okkonen, Jari; Nunez, Milton; Yen, YN; Weng, KH; Cheng, HM; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
The present paper concentrates on the use of remote sensing by satellite imagery for detecting ancient tracks and roads in the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates in Syria. The Syrian desert was traversed by caravans already in the Bronze Age, and during the Greco-Roman period the traffic increased with the Silk Road and trade as well as with military missions annexing the areas into empires. SYGIS-the Finnish archaeological survey and mapping project traced, recorded and documented ancient sites and roads in the region of Jebel Bishri in Central Syria in 2000-2010 before the outbreak of the civil war in Syria. Captured data of ancient roads and bridge points bring new light to the study of ancient communication framework in the area. Archaeological research carried out by the project on the ground confirmed the authenticity of many road alignments, new military and water harvesting sites as well as civilian settlements, showing that the desert-steppe area was actively used and developed probably from the second century AD. The studies further demonstrated that the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates was militarily more organised already in the second and third centuries AD than earlier believed. Chronologically, the start of this coincided with the "goldenage" of the Palmyrene caravans in the second century AD. Topography and landscape were integral parts of the construction of graves/tumuli as sign-posts guiding in the desert, as well as roads and all kinds of settlements whether military or civilian.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
A "shaman" Burial From the Ppna Settlement of Cemka Hoyuk, Upper Tigris Basin, Turkiye
(Elsevier France-editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2024) Kodaş, Ergül; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Erdem, Çağdaş; Ciftci, Yunus; 02.01. Department of Anthropology / Antropoloji Bölümü; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Knowledge of the burial customs of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) in the Near East is increasing. Particularly, lately a large number of burials and skeletal remains have been unearthed in the Upper Tigris Basin, thanks to a number of new excavation projects in recent years. The newly revealed findings indicate that PPNA burial customs varied considerably in the region from site to site. However, the 10th millennium BCE burial CH 2019/05 at Cemka Hoyuk shows as well that there are also different burial practices with in settlements. CH 2019/05 belongs to a female individual, accompanied by animal skeletal elements, who appears to may have been a shaman or at least had been buried by someone practicing ways associated with what we understand nowadays as animism or shamanism. Hence, the burial may represent one of the earliest known examples of its kind in an Anatolian Neolithic context. @ 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Spectroscopic and microscopic analysis of yarn sample found in Başur Höyük Early Bronze Age Cemetery
(Elsevier, 2023) Batıhan, Metin; Gündüz Balpetek, Fatma; Süpüren Mengüç, Gamze; Batıhan, Metin; Aydoğan, İnan; Özmen Batıhan, Öznur; Boz, Serkan; Demsar, Andrej; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
The Early Bronze Age cemetery at Başur Höyük (Siirt, Türkiye), dated back to the 3rd millennium BC, contains a wide range of ancient artifacts. Thousands of finds consisting of various metal objects, pottery, stone and textile artifacts were excavated from the site, where a total of 18 graves were found and excavated. The well-preserved textile artifacts, found especially on metal objects, are the subject of the present article. The article presents the initial results of the joint work of the archaeologists and textile engineers involved in the archaeological excavation project at Başur Höyük. The paper presents general information about the uses of the textile materials found in the Başur Höyük EBA burial site and the Başur Höyük graves, concluded on the basis of their relationship with the other excavated materials. In addition, the results of the quantitative analyses of the yarn artifact is presented, which were carried out using non-destructive analytical methods, such as: FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The infrared spectra of the yarn sample indicate the cellulose origin of the ancient fibers.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey
(Elsevier, 2022) Kodaş, Ergül; Yelözer, Sera; Çiftçi, Yunus; Baysal, Emma L.; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Among the artefacts of fundamental importance in the context of symbolism and iconography during the Neolithization process in northern Mesopotamia, there is much research about, and publication relating to, human figurines or statues, animal figurines or statues, figured stone objects, stone vessels, bone plaques, wall decoration (paint, relief, or incision) and stone pillars. While among these various research topics bone plaques have been noticeably less studied than other classes of small finds, they are gradually gaining importance. From the figurative and typological perspective, these objects carry importance for their visual characteristics and their regional variety, but it is notable that their typological differences and functions are still not well understood. This study opens a new debate about the techno-typological characteristics, regional distribution, and modes of use of these objects starting from a group of bone plaques recovered from burial contexts during the excavations of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement of Boncuklu Tarla in southeast Turkey. Portable symbolic artefacts are found to show significant overlaps between materials, iconography and use as well as regional identities and temporal continuities in techniques and decoration.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 4
A text of Shalmaneser I from Üçtepe and the location of Šinamu
(Anatolian Studies, 2022) Genç, Bülent; Macginnis, John; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
This article presents a newly discovered cuneiform text from the site of üçtepe in Diyarbaklr province in southeastern Turkey. The text bears a previously unknown inscription of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I. While incomplete, it never-theless gives the most extensive lists of the conquests of Shalmaneser I yet known, including a number of previously unattested toponyms. This is in itself an important contribution to the historical documentation of the Middle Assyrian period. Furthermore, the fact that the text was written to record Shalmaneser's rebuilding of the city wall of Sinamu allows us to propose that üçtepe is to be identified with the site of ancient Šinamu, known to have been an important centre from the late third millennium BC and subsequently a regional capital in the provincial system of the Middle Assyrian empire. This is a significant advance on our previous understanding of the historical geography of the region. These issues are discussed in the context of the Middle Assyrian occupation of the Upper Tigris and the results of the archaeological exploration of recent decades.
Citation - WoS: 1
Urartian Cult of the Stelae and New Discoveries at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic (Ashotakert)
(Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 2022) Genç, Bülent; Işık, Kenan; Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
The Urartian Kingdom is recognized for its idiosyncratic religious architecture and ritual practices. Tower-temples (susi) at the peak of citadels, dedicated to the "national" god Haldi constitute the most essential element of religious architecture. Additionally, cult areas with an altar and uninscribed stelae on pedestals, best known from Erzincan/Altuitepe, demonstrate that there were different types of sanctuaries in the Urartian world. Veneration of stelae is also known from depictions in seal-impressions. Recent discoveries of an open-air sanctuary with stelae at Varto/Kayandere and uninscribed stelae at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic bear witness to the wide distribution of this cult. Although discoveries at Altintepe and Varto/Kayandere led to an association of stelae with funerary cults, inscriptions that speak of Haldi worship in front of stelae (pulusi) strongly suggest that stelae sanctuaries on the slopes of citadels must be related with the Haldi cult, in whose name susi and temple complexes (E.BARA) were built in citadels.
An Urartian irrigation canal in the Gürpınar Plain, Van, Eastern Turkey
(Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 2022) Özfırat, Aynur; Özfırat, Aynur; 02.03. Department of Archaeology / Arkeoloji Bölümü; 02. Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Mardin Artuklu University / Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
One of the most remarkable building projects carried out during the reign of the Urartian king Sarduri II (755–730 BC) was the construction of the Sardurihinili (Çavuştepe) fortress, 20 km south of Tushpa, the Urartian capital, in Eastern Turkey. In the Urartian inscription on the Çavustepe Irmushini Temple, there is mention of vineyards and gardens that were irrigated by means of a channel bringing water from the Gugunaini stream. About 3 km south of the Sardurihinili fortress, there are the remains of a large Urartian irrigation system. A canal constructed from the Güzelsu (Hoşap) stream flowed over an artificial bed about 15 km long and was used for irrigation of the 190 km2 Gürpınar Plain. This irrigation system, which was built to increase the agricultural production capacity of the region, could be the channel mentioned in the Çavuştepe inscription. The channel is one of the most remarkable and recently discovered Urartian mastery in water management.

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