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Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı
(Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, 2020) Ersun, Durmuş; Çetin Ersun, Aslı
Çalışmada statünün bir göstergesi olarak sceptrumların Roma ve Bizans Dönemi buluntu örnekleri üzerinden incelenerek ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Buluntuları oluşturan temel materyaller arasında heykeller, kabartmalar, sikkeler, yarı değerli taşlar ve tablolar yer almaktadır. Sembolik birer anlam taşıyan asaların Tarih Öncesi Çağlardan Roma ve Bizans Dönemi sonlarına kadar uzanan kullanımı var olan yazıtlar ve somut örnekler yardımıyla takip edilebilmektedir. Öncelikle asaların tarihsel süreç içerisindeki varlığına değinilmiş olup Roma ve Bizans Dönemindeki kullanımı çeşitleri örnekler yardımıyla ikonografik bağlamda değerlendirilmiştir. Akabinde Roma ve Bizans Dönemi buluntu örnekleri ışığında tipolojik bir yaklaşım getirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak ise antik, modern kaynaklar ve somut örnekler ışığında asaların işlevleri yorumlanmıştır.
Boncuklu Tarla Doğu Alanı Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem Mimarisi ve Köy-Mekan Organizasyonu
(Mukaddime Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2020) İPEK, Bahattin; ÇİFTÇİ, Yunus
Yukarı Dicle Havzası Neolitik Dönem üzerine olan bilgilerimiz son yıllarda gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik kazılar sayesinde giderek artmaktadır. Mardin İli Dargeçit İlçesi’ne bağlı olan Ilısu Barajı’na ismini veren Ilısu Köyü sınırları içerisinde bulunan Boncuklu Tarla yerleşimi Yukarı Dicle Havzası ÇanakÇömleksiz Neolitik Dönem mimarisi üzerine önemli bilgiler vermektedir. Boncuklu Tarla Doğu Alanı’nda tespit edilen "Kamu Binası" ve etrafında bulunan binalar hem konut ve kamu mimarisi hem de dönemin köy-mekan organizasyonları hakkında önemli bilgiler vermektedir. Özellikle 4b tabakasına ait Kamu Binası ve binanın etrafından bulunan konutlar dönemin köy-mekan organizasyonlarının incelemesi için ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu binalarda ortaya çıkarılan buluntular, mezarlar ve farklı tipteki duvar teknikleri bahsi geçen dönemin hem Yukarı Dicle hem de Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi açısından zenginliği ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu bölgede aynı döneme ait kazıları yapılan yerleşimlerle hem farklılıkları hem de benzerlikleri olan Boncuklu Tarla'daki Doğu Alan yapıları, Boncuklu Tarla içinde de farklı bir öneme sahiptir. 3 Kamu Binası ile birlikte bölgedeki diğer anıtsal yapılara oranla farklı bir öneme sahiptir. Her ne kadar Boncuklu Tarla Doğu Alanı kazıları 2017 ve 2019 yılı olmak üzere iki kazı sezonu olsa da verdiği bilgiler sayesinde Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Çağ’da çok önemli verilere ulaşılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Mardin ili ve bölgenin tarihi için önemli bilgiler veren Boncuklu Tarla kazıları hem Mardin tarihini günümüzden 12.000 yıl öncesine kadar geri götürmüş hem de o dönemde bölgede yaşayan halklar için de önemli veriler vermiştir. Ayrıca yerleşim yerinin yaklaşık olarak 2000 yıl boyunca kullanılması bize yerleşim yerinin bölge tarihi için ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenlerden dolayı Boncuklu Tarla Doğu Alanı mimarisi ve verileri Boncuklu Tarla yerleşiminin Yukarı Dicle Havzası ve Mardin bölgesinin tarihi için ne kadar önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
ÇEMKA HÖYÜK : YUKARI DİCLE HAVZASI’NDA BULUNAN YENİ BİR PPNA VE GEÇ EPİPALEOLİTİK DÖNEM YERLEŞİM YERİ
(Dil tarih coğrafya fakültesi, 2019) Kodaş, Ergül; Genç, Bülent
After the studies carried out in recent years, many settlements such as Körtik Tepe, Hasankeyf Höyük, Gusir Höyük and Boncuklu Tarla which are dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Period have been identified. Some of them also contain Late Epipaleolithic layers. The Çemka Höyük settlement, which was discovered in 2018 and located at the construction of the Ilısu Dam, also contains layers dating to PrePottery Neolithic A and possibled the Late Epipaleolithic Periods. The Late Epipaleolithic levels, which were previously identified in restricted areas and drillings in Körtik Tepe, Hasankeyf Höyük and Hallan Çemi, were identified in the fillings having approximately 2 m over the profiles exposed during road construction in Çemka Höyük.
Communal architecture at Boncuklu Tarla, Mardin province, Turkey
(Near Eastern Archaeology, 2021) Kodaş, Ergül
Villages of the Preceramic Neolithic in the Near East are marked by a new style of construction, created to play a new, essential function. Indeed, it is in this period that, outside of residential habitations, communal buildings make their first appearance in the heart of Near Eastern villages. It is without doubt one of the first clear, historical attestations of social differentiation/organization in architecture. Truly, reflections on such constructions lead one to attribute to them adjectives aimed at encapsulating their supposed functions, such as “collective,” “communal,” “monumental,” “public,” “cultic,” “storage structures,” or even “megalithic” (Aurenche and Kozlowski 2000; Stordeur 2014; Watkins 2006; Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2014; Hauptmann 2012). The terminology here reflects considerably varying interpretations, often complementary and essentially derived from the architectural data, as the buildings reveal ground plans and internal structures that are quite distinct.
Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi-Hırbe Helale Nekropolu Cam Buluntuları (2010, 2011, 2018 Yılı Kazıları)
(Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2021) Hanar, Elif
Hırbe Helale nekropol alanı; MardinDiyarbakır karayolunun 6. kilometresinin batısında,Mardin ili Artuklu ilçesi sınırlarında, MardinArtuklu Üniversitesi yerleşkesi içerisinde yeralmaktadır. III. Derece Arkeolojik sit alanı olaraktescillenmiş olan Hırbe Helale nekropol alanında,2010, 2011 ve 2018 yıllarında kazı çalışmalarıgerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmalar, Mardin ArtukluÜniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Otoparkı’nınkuzeydoğusunda bulunan alanda yürütülmüştür.Yapılan kazı çalışmaları neticesinde tespit edilenbuluntular Paleolitik Dönem, Geç Roma Dönemi,Bizans Dönemi ve Artuklu Dönemi gibibirbirinden farklı dönemlere tarihlendirilmiştir. Buçalışmanın kapsamı; Hırbe Helale nekropol alanı2010, 2011 ve 2018 yılı kazı çalışmalarında ortayaçıkarılan cam materyeller arasından seçilen veprofil veren kase parçaları, kandil parçaları, kadehparçaları, karıştırma çubuğu parçaları, oyun taşı ilebileziklerden oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile kazılarsırasında açığa çıkarılan cam materyallerin ilkbilimsel verilerine ulaşmak amaçlanmaktadır. Sözkonusu materyaller Hırbe Helale nekropol alanınıngenel stratigrafisi ve yaptığımız kaynak araştırmasısonucunda saptanan paralel örnekler ışığındatipolojik ve kronolojik olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Kazı verileri ve kaynak araştırması sonucundatespiti yapılan paralel örnekler bu cam buluntularınGeç Roma ve Bizans dönemlerinden kökenaldıklarını açığa çıkarmıştır. Bu nedenle HırbeHelale nekropol alanında Geç Roma Dönemi veBizans Dönemi’ne tarihlenen cam buluntularınortaya çıkarılması, kentin sosyal yaşamının birparçası olan cam kap formları hakkında detaylıverilere ulaşmamızı sağlaması açısından önem arzetmektedir.
MELEKLİ-KÜLTEPE (IĞDIR) HÖYÜĞÜ, URARTU KALESİ VE COLUMBARİUM: AĞRI DAĞI'NIN KUZEY ETEĞİNDEKİ MİNUAHİNİLİ (KARAKOYUNLU) KENTİ
(2017) Özfırat, Aynur
Melekli-Iğdır Urartu yerleşimi Ağrı Dağı yüzey araştırmamız sırasında belirlenmiş yeni merkezler ile Melekli-Kültepe Columbarium'unda P. F. Petrov (1913) ve K. Balkan (1966) tarafından yapılmış olan kazıların birlikte ele alınmasıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Ağrı Dağı yüzey araştırmasının en dikkat çekici merkezleri kompleks yerleşimler olarak tanımladıklarımızdır, bunlar kuzey etekteki Melekli ve Karakoyunlu ile güney etekteki Bozkurt'dur. Bu türde yerleşimler oldukça geniş alanlara yayılmış ve Geç Kalkolitik Dönem ile Orta Demir Çağ (Urartu) ya da Geç Demir Çağ (Akhaimenid) arasında uzun süreli iskan edilmişlerdir. Coğrafi birimlerin önemli noktalarında yer alan bu kompleks yerleşimlerin her birinde yatay tabakalaşma sisteminde çeşitli dönemleri içeren ve birbirleriyle ilişkili höyükler, kaleler ve mezarlıklar yer alır. Ağrı Dağı kompleks yerleşimleri içinde kuzey etekte ve Iğdır Ovası-Aras Vadisi'nde yer alan Melekli ve Karakoyunlu en önemli bulgulara sahip alanlardır.Melekli ve Karakoyunlu aynı zamanda Erken Demir Çağ ve Orta Demir Çağ (Urartu) için de önemli merkezlerdir. Urartu Kralı Minua (MÖ 810-785/780) tarafından Erken Demir Çağ yerel krallığı Eriqua'nın fethedilmesi ve yeni bir eyelet oluşturulmasıyla bölge Urartu sınırları içine alınmıştır. Iğdır Ovası-Aras Vadisi bereketli topraklarının yanısıra Güney Kafkasya-Kuzeybatı İran için geçit noktası olması açısından da önemliydi. Kral Minua yeni eyelet merkezi Minuahinili'yi Karakoyunlu'da (Kale II) ve bir diğer kaleyi de (Bulakbaşı 2) yakınında inşa etmiştir. Araştırmada belirlediğimiz birçok yeni Urartu kalesi Minuahinili Kenti'nin, gerek Minua gerekse daha sonraki krallar tarafından bölgede ve Güney Kafkasya-Kuzeybatı İran'da yapılan düzenlemeler sırasında yeni yapılanmalarla geliştirildiğini gösterir: Melekli-Lanetlitepe ve Bozkurt Kale II Ağrı Dağı batı geçidinin her iki tarafındaki ileri karakol-yol istasyonlarıydı, Ömerağa-Gölyüzü Kalesi güney etekteki merkezi kaleydi; Aktaş Kalesi ise kuzey etekte bir garnizon-kentti.Melekli Urartu yerleşimi olasılıkla Kral Minua döneminde kurulmuş ve iskanı aralıksız devam etmiş görünen bir İleri Karakol-Yol İstasyonu (Lanetlitepe Kalesi), Kültepe Höyüğü'ndeki Yerleşim ve Columbarium ile bir Kuleyi ? (Deliktaş Höyüğü) kapsar. Ovanın batı ucunda ve Ağrı Dağı-Güney Kafkasya- Kuzeybatı İran geçidinin üzerindeki konumuyla Melekli, Minuahinili Kenti'nin Doğu Anadolu ile arasındaki en önemli noktaydı
Melekli-Kultepe (Igdir) Mound, Urartian Fortress and Columbarium in Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu) on the northern slope of Mt Agri
(MERSIN UNIV PUBL RES CENTER CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 2017) Ozfirat, Aynur
In this article the Urartian settlement in Melekli-Igdir is discussed together with the new sites investigated during the Mt Agri survey and the excavations undertaken at the Melekli-Kultepe Columbarium by P. F. Petrov (1913) and K. Balkan (1966). The most remarkable sites of Mt Agri survey are those described as complex settlements, these are Melekli and Karakoyunlu on the north foot and Bozkurt on the south foot. These kinds of settlements spread over a vast area were inhabited for a long period between the Late Chalcolithic Period and the Middle Iron Age (Urartu) or the Late Iron Age (Achaemenid), related to each other. There are mounds, fortresses, lower cities and cemeteries that comprise different periods in the horizontal stratification system at each one of these complex settlements in important locations. Melekli and Karakoyunlu located at the north foothills of Mt Agri and Igdir Plain - Aras Valley posses complexes of the area with the most important archaeological finds. Melekli and Karakoyunlu are important centers also for the Early Iron Age and Middle Iron Age (Urartu). This region was taken within the Urartian borders in the conquest of Eriqua, an Early Iron Age local kingdom, and a new province was established by the Urartian King Minua (810-785/780 BC). Besides its fertile soils, the Igdir Plain - Aras Valley was also important with regards to being a gateway point for southern Transcaucasia-northwestern Iran. According to the inscriptions, King Minua built his new city Minuahinili at Karakoyunlu (Fortress II) as the center of the new province besides another Fortress (Bulakbasi 2). Numerous new Urartian fortresses which were detected in our research indicate that the city of Minuahinili had developed through the new settlement over the course of adjustments conducted at this region and Southern Caucasia-Northwestern Iran by both Minua and the subsequent kings: Melekli-Lanetlitepe and Bozkurt Fortress II were outposts - road stations situated on both sides of the Mt Agri western pass; Omeraga-Golyuzu Fortress was the central fortress located at the southern slope; the Aktas Fortress was a garrison-city on the northern slope. Melekli Urartian settlement contains an outpost - road station (Lanetlitepe Fortress), which was probably established by King Minua. Its inhabitation seems to have persisted without interruption, together with the settlement and columbarium at Kultepe Mound and the fort (?) (Deliktas Mound). Melekli, with its location at the west end of the plain and on the Mt Agri - southern Transcaucasia - northwestern Iran gateway, was the most important point between the city of Minuahinili and Eastern Anatolia.
Memory of destroyed Khorsabad, Victor Place, and the story of a shipwreck
(Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2021) Genç, Bülent
Victor Place was appointed as a consul to Mosul in 1851, where having arrived in 1852 he started excavations at Khorsabad. Financial problems forced him to stop this activity towards the end of 1853. As the Interior Ministry appointed him to another post in 1854, he wanted to transport the Khorsabad finds before he left Mosul. However, the roads were extremely unsafe because of the Muntafiq Arab tribes' revolt. The local authorities repeatedly warned Place about this problem, stressing that he should wait until after the revolt was over before leaving. But despite these warnings, Place transported the Khorsabad finds from Mosul to Baghdad by keleks (rafts). The plan was then to transport them to Basra from Baghdad. Place set off on the river with a fleet made up of four keleks and a ship. Smuggled goods loaded on the ship made it heavier and attracted the attention of looters. On 21 May 1855, the fleet was attacked by bandits in the region of Kurna, located between Baghdad and Basra. The ship and two keleks sank at the spot, while the remaining two keleks arrived at Basra with some of the rescued goods. Various attempts to retrieve the sunken finds then followed. This article accordingly considers new data on the Kurna accident, drawing on Ottoman archival sources, particularly reports written at the time that discussed the possible causes of the accident and the negligent actions linked to it. As the destroyed memory of Khorsabad makes clear, archaeology cannot be rushed.
New evidence of Pleistocene hominin occupation in Mardin Province, south-east Turkey: Şlkefta Elobrahimo Cave
(Cambridge Universty Press, 2023) Kodaş, Ergül
An archaeological field project designed to investigate Palaeolithic occupation is being undertaken in Mardin Province, south-east Turkey. New sites have been identified and recorded systematically, including Şıkefta Elobrahimo Cave. Together, these provide ample evidence for hominin presence in this area since the Middle Palaeolithic.
New Urartian Inscriptions from Malazgirt, East Turkey, and the Localization of the City of Mezaiani
(AMER ORIENTAL SOC, 2023) Işık, Kenan; Genç, Bülent
Located in the northwest of the Lake Van basin, the city of Malazgirt was an important area of the kingdom of Urartu from its earliest period due to its strategic location. Inscriptions of king Minua (810–785/80 BCE) mention important construction projects, including fortresses, temples, and irrigation canals, in and around Malazgirt. This article deals with the Urartian presence in Malazgirt, presents new Urartian inscriptions, and considers their significance for historical geography. Particularly important is the Leter stele, which informs us of the correct reading of the name of the irrigation canal built by King Minua—Mezaiani, the antecedent form of Malazgirt. Another stele documents the agricultural activities of King Argišti (780–756 bc).
THE POSSIBLE USE OF ANCIENT TOWER TOMBS AS WATCHTOWERS IN SYRO-MESOPOTAMIA
(INT SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY REMOTE SENSING C/O SCHOOL OF SURVEYIN, 2015) Silver, Minna; Torma, Markus; Silver, Kenneth; Okkonen, Jari; Nunez, Milton; Yen, YN; Weng, KH; Cheng, HM
Traditionally polygonal tower tombs dating from the Greco-Roman era, especially found in the area of Syro-Mesopotamia, have only been treated as funerary structures without discussion of their other possible purposes. In this paper we wish to inquire whether they had other functions as well. The most famous examples of these types of tombs are situated in Palmyra in Syria. They are built of limestone, follow a square layout, and some exceed the height of 20 m. Similar structures are found in the Euphrates valley of Syria. The Finnish project SYGIS that worked in the neighbourhood of the Euphrates and Palmyra during the previous decade studied some of the structures in the region. As far as the tower tombs are concerned, our research suggests that new structural, topographical and spatial aspects can be raised, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) can be applied for analysing their properties for visibility. The tendency to locate tower tombs along roads and the entrance areas of a city as well as at a mountain edge seems to indicate that the tombs may have had observational functions serving as watch towers. The aspects of the location in terrains are emphasized in the present study, and digital terrain models were utilized using SRTM DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data for carrying out viewshed analyses in order to survey the observational qualities of the towers in Palmyra, on Halabiya, on Jebel Bishri in Syria and Hatra in Iraq.
REMOTE SENSING, LANDSCAPE AND ARCHAEOLOGY TRACING ANCIENT TRACKS AND ROADS BETWEEN PALMYRA AND THE EUPHRATES IN SYRIA
(INT SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY REMOTE SENSING C/O SCHOOL OF SURVEYIN, 2015) Silver, Minna; Torma, Markus; Silver, Kenneth; Okkonen, Jari; Nunez, Milton; Yen, YN; Weng, KH; Cheng, HM
The present paper concentrates on the use of remote sensing by satellite imagery for detecting ancient tracks and roads in the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates in Syria. The Syrian desert was traversed by caravans already in the Bronze Age, and during the Greco-Roman period the traffic increased with the Silk Road and trade as well as with military missions annexing the areas into empires. SYGIS-the Finnish archaeological survey and mapping project traced, recorded and documented ancient sites and roads in the region of Jebel Bishri in Central Syria in 2000-2010 before the outbreak of the civil war in Syria. Captured data of ancient roads and bridge points bring new light to the study of ancient communication framework in the area. Archaeological research carried out by the project on the ground confirmed the authenticity of many road alignments, new military and water harvesting sites as well as civilian settlements, showing that the desert-steppe area was actively used and developed probably from the second century AD. The studies further demonstrated that the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates was militarily more organised already in the second and third centuries AD than earlier believed. Chronologically, the start of this coincided with the "goldenage" of the Palmyrene caravans in the second century AD. Topography and landscape were integral parts of the construction of graves/tumuli as sign-posts guiding in the desert, as well as roads and all kinds of settlements whether military or civilian.
Spectroscopic and microscopic analysis of yarn sample found in Başur Höyük Early Bronze Age Cemetery
(Elsevier, 2023) Sağlamtimur, Haluk; Gündüz Balpetek, Fatma; Süpüren Mengüç, Gamze; Batıhan, Metin; Aydoğan, İnan; Özmen Batıhan, Öznur; Boz, Serkan; Demsar, Andrej
The Early Bronze Age cemetery at Başur Höyük (Siirt, Türkiye), dated back to the 3rd millennium BC, contains a wide range of ancient artifacts. Thousands of finds consisting of various metal objects, pottery, stone and textile artifacts were excavated from the site, where a total of 18 graves were found and excavated. The well-preserved textile artifacts, found especially on metal objects, are the subject of the present article. The article presents the initial results of the joint work of the archaeologists and textile engineers involved in the archaeological excavation project at Başur Höyük. The paper presents general information about the uses of the textile materials found in the Başur Höyük EBA burial site and the Başur Höyük graves, concluded on the basis of their relationship with the other excavated materials. In addition, the results of the quantitative analyses of the yarn artifact is presented, which were carried out using non-destructive analytical methods, such as: FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The infrared spectra of the yarn sample indicate the cellulose origin of the ancient fibers.
Symbolism in action: Techno-typology, function, and human-artefact dynamics in figured/non-figured bone plaques from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Boncuklu Tarla, Turkey
(Elsevier, 2022) Kodaş, Ergül; Yelözer, Sera; Çiftçi, Yunus; Baysal, Emma L.
Among the artefacts of fundamental importance in the context of symbolism and iconography during the Neolithization process in northern Mesopotamia, there is much research about, and publication relating to, human figurines or statues, animal figurines or statues, figured stone objects, stone vessels, bone plaques, wall decoration (paint, relief, or incision) and stone pillars. While among these various research topics bone plaques have been noticeably less studied than other classes of small finds, they are gradually gaining importance. From the figurative and typological perspective, these objects carry importance for their visual characteristics and their regional variety, but it is notable that their typological differences and functions are still not well understood. This study opens a new debate about the techno-typological characteristics, regional distribution, and modes of use of these objects starting from a group of bone plaques recovered from burial contexts during the excavations of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement of Boncuklu Tarla in southeast Turkey. Portable symbolic artefacts are found to show significant overlaps between materials, iconography and use as well as regional identities and temporal continuities in techniques and decoration.
A text of Shalmaneser I from Üçtepe and the location of Šinamu
(Anatolian Studies, 2022) Genç, Bülent; Macginnis, John
This article presents a newly discovered cuneiform text from the site of üçtepe in Diyarbaklr province in southeastern Turkey. The text bears a previously unknown inscription of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I. While incomplete, it never-theless gives the most extensive lists of the conquests of Shalmaneser I yet known, including a number of previously unattested toponyms. This is in itself an important contribution to the historical documentation of the Middle Assyrian period. Furthermore, the fact that the text was written to record Shalmaneser's rebuilding of the city wall of Sinamu allows us to propose that üçtepe is to be identified with the site of ancient Šinamu, known to have been an important centre from the late third millennium BC and subsequently a regional capital in the provincial system of the Middle Assyrian empire. This is a significant advance on our previous understanding of the historical geography of the region. These issues are discussed in the context of the Middle Assyrian occupation of the Upper Tigris and the results of the archaeological exploration of recent decades.
The Tuspa Mound Columned Hall
(Archaeopress, 2023) Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan
Tuspa, the capital city of the Urartian kingdom, today identified with the Van Fortress, rises on a conglomerate rock and extends approximately 1,250 meters long in the east-west direction, 70-80 meters wide in the north-south and rises approximately 100 meters high on the eastern shores of Lake Van. The Tuspa Mound, which has been continuously settled since the Bronze Age, was the lower settlement of the city during the Urartian period and extends along the north of the citadel. The excavations carried out between 2010-2019 at the Tuspa Citadel and Mound revealed important chronological and stratigraphic data. The Tuspa Mound excavations in particular unearthed structure layers, as well as the architectural and material culture, related to the Urartian period. The identification of building levels belonging to the Middle and Modern Ages, Post-Urartian/Late Iron Age, Urartian, Early Iron, and Bronze Ages has provided important contributions to understanding the settlement history of the Lake Van Basin. In this article, the structure and archaeological data of the columned hall belonging to the Early Urartian Building Level, which was unearthed as a result of 10 years of excavation at Tuspa Mound are evaluated and the results are interpreted.
Tuşpa Sitadeli’nden Yeni Bir Kaya Mezarı: BG 90
(Colloquium Anatolicum 17, 211-220, 2018) KONYAR, Erkan; GENÇ, Bülent; TAN, Armağan
Important examples of Urartian royal tombs are located along the southern slopes of the rocky terrain of the Van Fortress. The rocky surfaces of these tombs are smoothed to form monumental façades. These multi-roomed rock-cut tombs thus attain a monumental appearance with their entrances and façades. However, a new rock-cut tomb that is different from the multi-roomed rock-cut tombs has been une- arthed at Van Fortress in 2016. This rock tomb consists of an antechamber in the form of a dromos and a main room behind it, and is also located on the southern slopes of the rocky terrain. Unlike the mul- ti-roomed rock-cut tombs, it was prepared by carving the rocky ground. It is planned as an underground tomb, the main room of which is accessed through a door, and thus appears to be a precedent of the multi-roomed tombs with monumental entrances and doors on the citadel. This tomb type, examples of which are known to have been constructed under the ground at sites such as Karagündüz and Altıntepe in the Lake Van basin, is notably more royally designed at Van Fortress. It provides new ideas about the development of royal tomb-cut tradition in particular.
Urartian Cult of the Stelae and New Discoveries at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic (Ashotakert)
(Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 2022) Kuvanç, Rıfat; Işık, Kenan; Genç, Bülent; Konyar, Erkan
The Urartian Kingdom is recognized for its idiosyncratic religious architecture and ritual practices. Tower-temples (susi) at the peak of citadels, dedicated to the "national" god Haldi constitute the most essential element of religious architecture. Additionally, cult areas with an altar and uninscribed stelae on pedestals, best known from Erzincan/Altuitepe, demonstrate that there were different types of sanctuaries in the Urartian world. Veneration of stelae is also known from depictions in seal-impressions. Recent discoveries of an open-air sanctuary with stelae at Varto/Kayandere and uninscribed stelae at Aznavurtepe and Yesilalic bear witness to the wide distribution of this cult. Although discoveries at Altintepe and Varto/Kayandere led to an association of stelae with funerary cults, inscriptions that speak of Haldi worship in front of stelae (pulusi) strongly suggest that stelae sanctuaries on the slopes of citadels must be related with the Haldi cult, in whose name susi and temple complexes (E.BARA) were built in citadels.
The Urartian Fortress at Ömerağa-Gölyüzü on the southern slope of Mt. Ağrı (Bozkurt Settlement Complex), in the city of Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu)
(Colloquium Anatolicum, 2018) Özfırat, Aynur
Campaigns of Urartian started to the region of Mt Ağrı in the earlier stage of the kingdom in the reigns of Ishpuini (830-810 BC) and Minua (810-785/780 BC). The region became part of Urartian land when the Early Iron Age kingdom of Eriqua captured and the foundation of the new fortress-city at Minua- hinili by King Minua. Major fortresses and fortified cities of Late Bronze-Early Iron Age (pre-Urartu) and Middle Iron Age (Urartu) were mostly located in settlement complexes in the highland of eastern Anatolia. They can be considered as urban and administrative centers of small independent polities of pre-Urartian and Urartians. Settlement complexes at Mt Ağrı, Melekli and Karakoyunlu (Iğdır plain- south of the Araxes valley) on the northern slope were localized respectively as Luhiuni, the capital of Early Iron Age kingdom of Eriqua and Minuahinili, the fortress-city of Urartu. Bozkurt settlement complex (Doğubayazıt plain) on the southern slope must be within the borders of these cities. Urartian settlement at Bozkurt contains a central fortress (Ömerağa-Gölyüzü) and an outpost - road station (Bozkurt Fortress 2). The Urartian fortress at Ömerağa-Gölyüzü can be suggest that it was the primary administrative center on the southwestern slope of Mt Ağrı interconnected with Minuahinili.
An Urartian irrigation canal in the Gürpınar Plain, Van, Eastern Turkey
(Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 2022) sevin, Veli; Özfırat, Aynur
One of the most remarkable building projects carried out during the reign of the Urartian king Sarduri II (755–730 BC) was the construction of the Sardurihinili (Çavuştepe) fortress, 20 km south of Tushpa, the Urartian capital, in Eastern Turkey. In the Urartian inscription on the Çavustepe Irmushini Temple, there is mention of vineyards and gardens that were irrigated by means of a channel bringing water from the Gugunaini stream. About 3 km south of the Sardurihinili fortress, there are the remains of a large Urartian irrigation system. A canal constructed from the Güzelsu (Hoşap) stream flowed over an artificial bed about 15 km long and was used for irrigation of the 190 km2 Gürpınar Plain. This irrigation system, which was built to increase the agricultural production capacity of the region, could be the channel mentioned in the Çavuştepe inscription. The channel is one of the most remarkable and recently discovered Urartian mastery in water management.

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