İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/72

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A Liberal Feminist Approach to Bobbie Ann Mason’s “Shiloh”
(2020) Alkan, Halit
Women’s problems are undoubtedly as old as human history. By giving legal rights and political and economic power to men only, the male-dominant society deprives women of the public sphere and makes them dependent on men. Marriage becomes the sole purpose of women because they are convinced that only by this way they can take place in society. Reproduction and the care of the home and family are the main duties of women in the patriarchal structure. Once women begin to demand legal rights and freedom, the basis of feminism emerges. Liberal feminism can be said to be based on equal opportunities in education, women’s access to public sphere and economic equality. Liberal feminist approach defines the equality and freedom of women with men in legal, family and social life. When liberal feminist approach is applied to Bobbie Ann Mason’s “Shiloh”, it allows researchers to analyse the gender roles in the context of the patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. Norma Jean is an obedient housewife who accepts her duty of reproduction and care of the home and family in private sphere whereas her husband Leroy Moffitt is the breadwinner as a truck driver in the public sphere. However, Norma Jean takes a body-building class, enrols in a composition class at night school, writes a paper about music and becomes the breadwinner. According to liberal feminist approach, Norma Jean’s taking place in the public sphere is a manifestation of her claim of independence resulting in the breakdown of her marriage.
THE INTERTEXTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE WORKS OF ALBERT CAMUS AND YUSUF ATILGAN
(2016) Güven, Hazar Faruk
Intertexuality, claimed to have been introduced by Bulgarian-French philosopher and literature critic Julia Kristeva, is a term which maintains that it is unlikely for any work not to be affected by the same kind of work written before. Since it is natural to have an interaction between authors, the authors can make reference to the worldview, philosophy and style of the different authors. With intertextuality, especially espoused by postmodern literary movement, the writers give the readers the opportunity to be conscious throughout the work and have different feelings within it by dynamizing their works. Written many articles and books on this term introduced in the mid of the 20. century, the attention has been drawn to the interaction from each other and different works of authors. Intertexuality encountered in the works of Yusuf Atılgan, one of the most important post-republic Turkish writers, is noteworthy. Yusuf Atılgan’s works contain similar features to Algerian-French writer Albert Camus’s works in terms of theme and topics. Existentialist themes like social alienation, religious alienation, isolation, non-communication and indifference in Camus’s works can be seen also in the works of Yusuf Atılgan. Absurdism, grounded after WWI and originated from Existentialism, gaining acceleration following the WWII has begun to maintain the idea that the life is absurd after the destruction and deaths which these two world wars caused the world witnessed. People migrating from rural areas to cities to find an occupation and not being able to adapt to the city life in a rapidly urbanizing world especially following the Industrial Revolution, have been subject to the literature. It is also regarded as a movement about all the human beings in general like intellectual characters question this absurdism and alienate from society in Camus and Atılgan’s works. It is claimed that Atılgan has been influenced by Camus’s philosophy of absurdism. For instance, Atılgan’s The Wanderer’s protagonist, C’s worldview and lifestyle like social alienation, isolation, non-communication and indiffrence show parallelism with Meursault’s lifestyle in Camus’s The Stranger. In our study, the works of these two writers have been compared in terms of intertextuality.
A Liberal Feminist Analysis of George Bernard Shaw’s "Mrs Warren’s Profession"
(2021) Alkan, Halit
The patriarchal society gives legal rights, economic power, and proper education only to men so that women are financially dependent on men for a living. When women demand freedom and legal rights, the basis of feminism appears. This study applies liberal feminist approach to George Bernard Shaw’s "Mrs. Warren’s Profession" (1893) to analyse the gender roles in terms of patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. Not receiving proper education to acquire a profession in the patriarchal society, the main character, Mrs. Kitty Warren, becomes a prostitute and then a brothel mistress to gain economic power in a public sphere. She is conventional at heart, like women in a private sphere because she wants her young daughter, Vivie, not to work in the public sphere but to marry the rich, middle-aged Crofts, who is her business-partner of brothels. Being grown up in boarding schools, Vivie Warren, representing the ‘New Woman’ type, shakes hands with men, smokes cigarettes, has knowledge of mathematics, graduates from Cambridge, and has the physical strength and intelligence to work in the public sphere. Therefore, she refuses her mother’s money and marriage proposals. This study asserts that women and men have no innate difference in terms of mental capacity, but women face prejudices imposed by the patriarchal society. Women are not allowed to take the same education as men to acquire a profession in the public sphere, and by this way, they are imprisoned in the private sphere.
THE PARODY OF UNCAUGHT FISH: A POSTMODERN TAKE ON TROUT FISHING IN AMERICA
(2023) Alan, Bülent
Richard Brautigan's novels, including Trout Fishing in America, challenge conventional writing styles and parodies realistic writing norms. His attitude towards fiction is reactive, denaturalizing established forms of writing by creating stories that reveal how we organize human experience and come to terms with it. Richard Brautigan's work Trout Fishing in America, which questions traditional writing conventions and parodies realistic conventions, is a prime example of the author's avant-garde approach to literature. The phrase "Trout Fishing in America" is used in a variety of ways throughout the story to symbolize various individuals, places, and other elements. The book defies classification because of its episodic style, absence of a main plot, and uneven character development. Brautigan uses the story of a narrator searching for perfect spots to go trout fishing as a metaphor to show how materialism and moral decay have destroyed once-beautiful, innocent America. This study aims to analyse how Brautigan uses parody, a postmodern tool, to deconstruct, denaturalize and demythologize the fixed grand narrative of his time in this work.
THE DOWNFALL OF THE SOUTHERN ARISTOCRACY IN WILLIAM FAULKNER’S THE SOUND AND THE FURY
(2018) TOSON, MEHMET FARUK
The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the downfall of the Southern aristocracy in the novel, The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner. The main characters in the novel are descendants of a patriarchal southern family, the Compsons, who were once aristocratic and rich in the South. These people do not live the life of luxury they were living in the past baroquely, however, they confront and witness their own downfall instead. The reasons for the downfall of the southern aristocracy lie mostly in their great dependence on the past. Because aristocrats lost their old values which cement the society and family together, they were not able to cope with the realities that modernity brought. The decline is also deteriorated by the conflicts between The Old South and New South. As a result, the Compson children fail to live in accordance with the Southern moral code. The Sound and the Fury gives a detailed story of decline of the Compson family in the eyes of three Compson children, idiot Benjy, materialistic Jason and neurotic Quentin. Their decadence, disintegration and deterioration show the end of a long-lasting notion, the Southern aristocracy.
The New Woman through Structuralism in Sarah Grand’s "The Heavenly Twins"
(2022) Alkan, Halit
Structuralism is an approach that seeks to decode the encoded whole consisting of a system to explore a textual work’s deep structure from the surface structure. This study tries to analyse the ‘New Woman’ in Sarah Grand’s “The Heavenly Twins” (1893) according to the structuralist approach. This novel is analysed synchronically. In terms of syntagmatic relation while Evadne Frayling marries George Colquhoun, Angelica Hamilton-Wells marries Mr. Kilroy. As for paradigmatic relation, homology of relationship is seen between two couples since there are unhappy marriages not only between Evadne and Colquhoun, but also between Angelica and Mr. Kilroy. In terms of syntagmatic relation while Angelica surrenders herself sexually to her husband after the death of her friend Tenor, Evadne surrenders herself sexually to her second husband after the death of her first husband Colquhoun. Syphilis and disguise in the novel’s surface structure are closed signs. However, in the deep structure these signs turn to be explicit signs as follows: When the signifier is syphilis, the signified is reprobate and death; when the signifier is disguise, the signified is freedom. In terms of the novel’s deep structure, the harmony performs on binary oppositions between Evadne and Angelica as follows: ignorant/educated, imprisoned/free, ill/healthy. Although the novel is over, the melody goes on since Evadne and Angelica can get only the role of a wife and a mother in patriarchal society. As for the novel’s deep meaning, women and men have no innate difference for mental capacity, but women face prejudices by patriarchal society because the male-dominant society does not provide women to take the same education as men.
MARXIST CRITICISM, THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND WALTER BENJAMIN
(2017) Durmuş, Erdinç
Marxist edebiyat eleştirisi Marxist politik düşünceler üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Marksist eleştiri, 1850'lerde Marx'ın, kültür ve toplum hakkında önemli açıklamalarda bulunmasına rağmen, 20. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış bir olgudur. Marx’a göre, ideoloji, politika ve sanat gibi bir toplumun üst yapısını oluşturan öğeler o toplumun ekonomik yapısı tarafından belirlenir. Karl Marx "Komünist Manifesto" adlı eserinde komünizmin temel kavramlarını tartışır ve toplumların ve ekonomik sistemlerinin sınıfsız bir toplum yaratmak için sürekli bir evrim sürecinde olduğunu iddia eder. Marksist eleştiride önemli olan husus, edebiyatın, bu edebiyatın üretildiği toplumun ideolojik ve ekonomik gerçeklerinden ayrı tutulamayacağı ya da izole edilemeyeceği yönündedir. Diğer taraftan, pratikte bir neo-Marxist olan Frankfurt Okulu, aydınlanma geleneğinin bir eleştirisidir. Radikal değişim ve iki okul arasındaki eleştiri farkı entelektüel temeldedir. Aslında bir toplumsal araştırma kurumu olan Frankfurt Okulu yeni bir neo-Marxist teori geliştirmiştir. Frankfurt Okulu üyeleri on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son teorisyenlerinden yararlanmışlardır. Üyeleri temel olarak çoğulculardır. Walter Benjamin Frankfurt Okulunun önemli bir üyesidir. O da Marxismin etkisi altındaydı ve Marxist Okuluna bir eğilim göstermişti. Benjamin sosyal eleştiriyle dilbilim analizini tarihsel nostaljiyle birlikte işler. Benjamin, sosyal eleştiri ve dilsel analiz ile tarihi nostaljiyi harmanlar. Benjamin için temel estetik farklılaşma, yaratılış ve oluşum arasındaki temel farklılıktır. Benjamin’e göre eleştiri bir sanat eserinin gerçeğinin sunumudur. Eleştiri bir eserin başladığı şeyi neticeye ulaştırmaya, tamamlamaya ve sistematize etmeye çalışır.
Othello ve Mem u Zin Eserlerindeki Şer Karakterlerin Karşılaştırılması
(2017) Görmez, Aydın; Güven, Hazar Faruk
Dinler tarihine bakıldığında gerek Musevilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet gibi tek tanrılı dinlerde gerekse Antik Yunan’da, Roma’da veya Hinduizm gibi çok tanrılı dinlerde “iyi”’nin karşıtı olarak bilinen ve kaçınılması gereken bütün kötülükleri içinde barındıran “şer” olgusu edebiyatta çok işlenen evrensel bir konudur. Şer veya anti-kahraman olarak tanımlanan karakterlerin edebiyatta önemli bir yeri vardır çünkü kötülük olmazsa iyinin kıymetinin bilinmeyeceğine inanılır. Yani, temel zıtlıklar sistemi gereği yapısalcıların da iddia ettiği gibi, bu iki zıt kutup ayrılmaz bir bütün gibidir. Dünya edebiyatı Bayan Macbeth, Mephistopheles, Raskolnikov gibi ölümsüz kötü karakterlere tanık olur. 17. yüzyıl Amerika’sının Püriten edebiyatında çok sık görüldüğü gibi şerle ilişkili karakterlerin eser sonunda mutlak cezalandırılması gibi yazılmamış kuralların varlığı ayrıca dikkat çekicidir. Bu çalışmada William Shakespeare’in Othello ve Ahmed-i Hanî’nin Mem û Zîn eserlerinde iki şer karakter olan Lago ve Beko’nun benzer ve farklı özellikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınması amaçlanmaktadır.
A Liberal Feminist Analysis of Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour”
(IKSAD Publishing House, 2022) Alkan, Halit
While men are given legal rights and economic power by the patriarchal society, women are subordinated to men and confined to the private sphere. Feminism appears when women demand freedom. This study deals with Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour” (1894) in terms of patriarchal ideology. As a housewife Louise Mallard who is imprisoned in private sphere is forced to repress her feelings for the sake of her husband. Mrs. Mallard experiences the frustration of marriage which restricts freedom and causes her heart trouble. After receiving the news about her husband Brently’s death in the train accident while traveling in the public sphere, Mrs. Mallard is paralyzed and goes to her room in grief. When Mrs. Mallard looks at the open window and notices the open square in front of her house, she realizes her freedom. In order to relish her personal life, Mrs. Mallard wants to free herself from the patriarchal oppression. Mrs. Mallard wants to enable herself to deal with public sphere through her freedom. Seeing her husband alive, she dies of heart disease. Her heart is physically weak and has emotionally no room for anyone else. The removal of that intense joy of freedom leads to her death. Mrs. Mallard dies in her house where she has always sacrificed for her family.
A Structuralist Approach to Harold Pinter’s "The Dumb Waiter"
(2022) Alkan, Halit
Structuralism is an approach that seeks to decode the encoded whole consisting of a system to explore a textual work’s deep structure from the surface structure. This study analyses Harold Pinter’s “The Dumb Waiter” (1960) according to the structuralist approach. The harmony of the play’s deep structure performs on binary opposition between Ben and Gus who repeat mechanical behaviours and conversations since they are imprisoned for a while in a narrow space. Concrete mechanical elements such as the lavatory and the dumb waiter also repeat the same activities. Although the play is over, the melody continues since Ben and Gus are given no role other than being hitmen and victims. As for the deep meaning, individuals who appear as a functional part of the mechanism show the possibility that the oppressive mechanism may become inoperable as a result of questioning the mechanism.
The Discourse of 'Othering' in Hanif Kureishi's “The Buddha of Suburbia”
(IKSAD Publishing House, 2020) Alkan, Halit
In order to sell overproduction, find new markets and buy larger amounts of raw materials at cheapest price, most developed European countries occupied territories especially in areas with no political and economic structures from the 16th century to the 20th century. In addition to Western colonialism, Western people take the so called ‘civilizing mission’ on as a duty because they believe in superiority of their civilization. Therefore, the Western ideology has produced arbitrary boundaries between itself and ‘other’, and referred to ‘other’s land as the ‘Orient’ and ‘the land of barbarians’. During postcolonial period, many communities from the former colonial regions have migrated to Britain. The discourse of ‘othering’ has been maintained by the host British society for centuries. In this context, Hanif Kureishi’s "The Buddha of Suburbia" (1990) allows readers to analyse the discourse of ‘othering’ in terms of gender, class, culture, and race. The novel concerns the quest of both an Indian Haroon who is married to a British woman and his adolescent son Karim to find ethnic, cultural and gender identity in British society. Haroon and his friend Anwar, representing first-generation immigrants in the multicultural British society, are not only silenced by the ruling British society, which see them as intruders and dependents, but also considered by representatives of the ruling group as exotic, suspicious, and the ‘other’. Although Haroon’s son, Karim, imitates the host culture, he cannot escape being considered as the ‘other’ because of his race, colour, class and culture. Although Anwar’s daughter, Jamila, struggles between her main culture and the host culture in a multicultural society, and represents the role of a contemporary woman who questions the patriarchal understanding is also considered as the ‘other’. There are racial lines, with the white Europeans on one side, and everyone else on the other.
John Milton’s Influence on Poets, Writers and Composers of His Period and Aftermath
(2014) Durmuş, Erdinç
John Milton is doubtless one of the most important and influential poets in English Language and Literature. He has always been a major influence in literature both during his lifetime and after his death. His reputation among the readers and the poets is a known fact since it has been proven that several writers and poets frequently wrote under the influence of this great epic poet. Milton was an artist who had written about various subjects, he was both a poet and a renowned prose writer. As he had something to say about every field of life his admirers and followers were not necessarily from just one category. Many people, including politicians, poets, writers, composers found something valuable in Milton and his works. The purpose of this article is to reevaluate Milton’s controversial works and lay down the influence of Milton on the mentioned figures of the period and aftermath.
ESCAPING AND WITHSTANDING THE REALITY THROUGH ART IN EMILY ST. JOHN MANDEL’S STATION ELEVEN
(2020) Alan, Bülent; Maviş, Yunus
Having been an ever-present part of Western culture, end of time speculations, namely apocalypse scenarios, are largely originated in biblical ending scenarios and have always appealed to and intrigued the scholars in a wide range of fields, including the literati. These apocalypse and post-apocalypse scenarios have found a dominating place in literature as part of ecocriticism, which in general terms, puts nature and the themes focusing on ecology in the focal point. Covering dystopian, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic narratives as genres, ecocriticism includes a broad range of literary and artistic studies and critical theories that emphasize nature and environment relevant problems. Emily St. John Mandel’s Station Eleven (2014) is a distinctive example for dystopian and post-apocalyptic narratives describing the beginning of a global epidemic, Georgia Flu, and life twenty years after the catastrophe, because it both tries to explore man’s potential to create and sustain meaning through art, story and sharing in an ambitious and versatile way, and scrutinizes whether the ethical and cultural values still exist in a post-apocalyptic world, and the likely ways people live together, which is of the set of ideas suggested by post-apocalyptic literature. In this study, we argue that in Station Eleven (2014), Emily St. John Mandel considers art as an intrinsic need for humanity and the real survivor even after a probable apocalypse, and becomes a source of endurance against harsh realities of life, functioning like a home that shelters humans to which they escape.
Survival in Jack London's The Call of the Wild and White Fang
(2022) Durmuş, Erdinç
İnsanın açgözlülüğü, doğaya ve doğal kaynaklara yönelik insan merkezli bakış açısı; netice itibariyle doğanın, kıyamete ramak kala insanlığı uyarmasına yol açacak türden, geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçlar doğurmuştur. İnsanın bu katı davranışı, insanoğlunun çevreye olan söz konusu tutumunun devam etmesi durumunda kaçınılmaz bir kıyamet konusunda insanlığı uyaran kayda değer bir edebi ve sanatsal eser yığınına imza atan edebiyatçıların, medyanın ve bazı aktivistlerin iç bilincini uyandırmış görünmektedir. Kendini doğanın sahibi olarak gören insan, bumerang benzeri bir etki yaratan sorumsuz ve patavatsız davranışlarıyla her zaman çevrenin ve türlerin, doğal kaynakların ve nihayetinde kendisinin tahribatına neden olmuştur. İnsanoğlunun açgözlülüğü, her geçen gün artan talebi karşılamak için her türlü mal ve malzemenin seri üretimine yol açmakta ve bunun sonucunda çevreyi kirletmekte, fabrika atıkları sonucunda tarım ürünlerini zehirlemekte ve böylece insanları diğer türlerle ortak bir kaderi, hayatta kalma mücadelesini paylaşmaya sevk etmektedir. Jack London'ın the Call of the Wild (1903), ana karakter Buck'ın hayatta kalmasını kolaylaştıran veya ağırlaştıran çevresel faktörlerin rolünü yansıtır ve Buck'ın evcil bir hayvan iken nasıl da ilkel bir canavara dönüştüğünü tasvir etmektedir. Ancak White Fang'da (1906), London, White Fang adlı vahşi bir köpeğin değişen çevreye uyum sağlama mücadelesini ve hayatta kalmak için evcilleştirilmesi gerektiğini anlatır. Bu çalışma, Jack London'ın the Call of the Wild (1903) ve White Fang (1906) adlı yapıtlarını hayatta kalma mücadelesi bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Keywords Survival, Jack London, Naturalism, Call of the Wild
A REVIEW OF A POSTMODERN NOVEL THE ROMANTIC EGOIST
(2020) Bulent Alan; Hazar Faruk Güven
The main purpose of this study is to examine the French writer Frédéric Beigbeder's Romantic Egoist in the context of postmodern literature. The postmodern concept represents the end of modernization, as can be understood from the prefix "post". There are different interpretations of this concept, first introduced in America, whether it is opposed to modernism or successive of it. Ultimately, while the postmodern concept is being debated, it cannot be considered independently of modernism. Postmodern writers support an understanding that practises on all the legacy of literature, makes references to different works, texts and writers. Irony and pastische are characteristics of this movement. Contrary to modern writers, throughout the work postmodern writers make the reader feel that the story is fictional. In this study, after giving a brief summary of this work, which is an example of a postmodern novel, the answer to the question of who is postmodern writer is sought. The fact that the author sometimes presents himself as a novel character in the work shows that he wrote his work using the metafiction technique of postmodern literature. After examining the examples of this technique in the work, the features like epigraph, collage, quotation and reference of the concept of intertextuality, which is one of the areas used by the postmodern literary movement, are discussed.
The Concept of War in "The Red Badge of Courage" and "A Farewell to Arms"
(2022) Alkan, Halit
The American Civil War and bloody First World War resulted in the deaths of ten million people, twenty millions disabled people, and destruction of the values such as freedom, democracy and equality. The two wars caused important changes in the world of arts and ideas, created their own literature, and as a result, many writers produced war literature. Among the modernist authors who wrote novels about war are Stephen Crane and Ernest Hemingway, who are the subjects of this study. Wars enabled the concepts of patriotism, nationalism, and heroism to prevail in the war novel genre. Stephen Crane’s "The Red Badge of Courage" (1895) and Ernest Hemingway’s "A Farewell to Arms" (1929) are studied in terms of human nature, realism, and romanticism. Crane describes a young soldier Henry Fleming’s psychological development, and the harsh atmosphere of war. In the novel, thesis-antithesis is shown such as idealism-instinction, romanticism-realism, and cowardice-courage. Hemingway maps the psychological complexity of Frederic Henry who does not know the violence in wars and serves voluntarily in the ambulance corps of the Italian army. Hemingway suggests that war is the dark side of a world that refuses to preserve true love. Crane and Hemingway deal with human nature, romanticism, and realism. Although the characters are volunteers for war due to abstract values of courage and heroism, they cannot bear the harsh reality of war when they experience it. This study demonstrates the effects of the brutal and harsh atmosphere of war on human beings.
A Stylistic Analysis of “A Painful Case”
(Liberty Academic Publisher, 2023) Alkan, Halit
The style of an author is provided by effective matching between his/her thoughts and selection of linguistic items. Stylistic analyses involve both the study of style and the study of how effects and meanings are produced by a literary text. Stylistics, therefore, relates linguistic facts (linguistic descriptions) to meaning (interpretation) to show evidence for an interpretation of a text. This study analyses James Joyce’s "A Painful Case" in the aspect of stylistic features. The short story is about a platonic affair between a married woman and an isolated man, the breaking off of the affair, and its aftermath. The analysis of the short story begins with a general interpretation. Its significant stylistic features are pointed out in terms of lexis, grammar, figures of speech, cohesion and context. The short story’s title foreshows the cause of the inner conflict of the main character and deals with the theme of isolation. The opening paragraph of the short story consists only of declarative sentences. Joyce uses simple past tense in order to confirm compatibility with the figural narrative situation he used. In terms of the syllable-length of words, the selected passage contains mostly two-syllable words. Lexical repetitions direct one’s attention to the negative feeling such as loneliness. The passage bases upon implicit connections of meaning which are strengthened by repeat of words from the same semantic field. The use of free indirect speech and a detailed description about the room reveals the main character’s state of soul. The domain is indoor surroundings, and the tenor is formal. The 3rd person narrator takes the reader beyond the usual aspects of life through epiphany. Mr Duffy feels remorse about Mrs Sinico’s death and realizes that his pursuit of control and order has caused only to his loneliness. Emotional paralysis of Mr Duffy compels him into a lifelong loneliness. This study shows how the formal stylistic features are used as the basis for inferring the short story’s meaning and effect.
Oedipus at Colonus as a divine comedy
(2011) Durmuş, Erdinç
Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus was the last play written just before the playwright’s death in 406 B.C. This particular play of the most powerful Greek writer was not performed until five years after his death. He was born in the village of Colonus, and in the last month of his long life he turned back to the figure of Oedipus whom he had once portrayed as the ideal type of Athenian intelligence and daring. He wrote about the same hero’s old age, the recompense he received for his sufferings in Oedipus at Colonus, and in doing so he left this timeless masterpiece to the world of literature. Certainly a great number of critics wrote about this specific play of Sophocles as one of the most beautiful Greek tragedies throughout the centuries. And it is also doubtless that many scholars will discuss the same play again as a masterpiece tragedy of its writer. However, in a deeply made analysis of Oedipus at Colonus it is highly possible that the play fits into the category of divine comedies. Oedipus at Colonus deserves to be considered and studied as a work of divine comedy for it has almost all the characteristics of the so-called genre.
Survival in Jack London's The Call of The Wild and White Fang
(2022) Durmuş, Erdinç; Maviş, Yunus
Man’s anthropocentric perspective towards nature, which paves way to the destruction of species and natural resoruces in the last instance, stands out as a great drawback for the correction such of contemporary environmental situations. Authored by Jack London during his Klondike Gold Rush adventure, The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906), for example, can be counted among the works of eco-criticism that mirrors and criticizes man’s egocentric attitude towards nature and puts the usage of dogs as sled dogs and transitioning their nature by force during the Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) into the focal point of the criticism. In his The Call of the Wild (1903), London tries to show us, through the story of the central character Buck, how heartless and disrespectful can man become towards nature when he acts self centeredly. By reflecting the role of environmental factors in easing or aggravating the survival of Buck, and portraying how Buck is forcibly transitioned to a primitive beast from a domestic pet by men, London both criticizes this kind of a touch of men to nature, and implies his inclination towards naturalism in the works mentioned above. In his White Fang (1906), London tells the story of a wild dog, White Fang that has to adapt to the domestic environment to survive. This study aims to analyse Jack London’s The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906) in terms of survival examples.
Time in Spenser’s "Amoretti and Epithalamion", and Shakespeare’s "Sonnet"
(2021) Alkan, Halit
The sonnet which is originated in Italy is a highly structured poetic form. It flourishes in the Elizabethan period in order to write love sonnets about a beloved and idealized lady. This study focuses on the theme of time in both Edmund Spenser’s "Amoretti and Epithalamion", and William Shakespeare’s "Sonnets". Spenser’s Amoretti, which covers New Year’s Day celebrations, reflects on Spenser’s past forty-one years of life. In "Epithalamion", Spenser records the hours of the day from pre-dawn to wedding night, including the passage of a year in 365 long lines which also correspond to days in a year. Its content moves from the excitement of youth to the anxieties of the middle age, beginning with high hopes for a happy day and ending with record of the speaker’s legacy for future generations. Spenser tries to prevent the passage of time by freezing it in his verses. Shakespeare’s "Sonnets" begins with the narrator’s begging the fair lord to find a woman who will bear his child so that his beauty can be assured for posterity. The poet complains about the ravages of time and its harmful effects on the beauty of the fair lord, and tries to fight the inevitable by forcing the fair lord to convey his perfection to a child. The poet defines time as a dimension of suffering, and asks the fair lord to leave him. In conclusion, time is described as unmanageable power of unforeseen changes and chances as well as a non-personal ominous determinant.

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