Antropoloji Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/66

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Citation - WoS: 16
Citation - Scopus: 17
Morphometric analysis of the skulls of domestic cattle (Bos taurus L.) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) in Turkey
(2019) Özkan, Ermiş; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Kahvecioğlu, Kifayet Oya; Öztürk, Muhsin; Onar, Vedat
A total of 20 domestic cattle (Bos taurus L.) and 15 water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis L.) skulls were analyzed in this study. All of the specimens belonged to female individuals. Using a total of 27 craniometric measurements from each of the skulls, 9 indices were calculated. Although there were statistically significant differences between the linear measurements of the skulls of both species, while calculating the indices with their ratios, the values of the measurements of the facial area were determinative in the craniology. Among these indices, the facial index 1 value was statistically significant (P < 0.01) in the comparison of these two species. On the other hand, while considering the orbit and foramen magnum measurements, in contrast with the transversal measurement, the height was more determinant for their index and form.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Tracing Royal Consumption and Socio-Symbolism Through Faunal Remains: Zooarchaeology of Iron Age-Urartu Ayanis Citadel, Eastern Turkiye
(Elsevier, 2024) Siddiq, Abu B.; Isikli, Mehmet
Despite having a research history of more than one and a half centuries, zooarchaeological investigations within Urartian archaeology are still very limited. This study marks a significant contribution presenting a comprehensive zooarchaeological dataset of 11,977 animal bones and fragments, primarily unearthed from a royal midden at the Urartian site of Ayanis citadel, Eastern Turkiye. The analysis encompasses species identification, age estimation, sex determination, and the identification of taphonomic and pathological changes. Rigorous measurements were taken to establish a robust zooarchaeological dataset. Logarithmic Size Index (LSI) was calculated to identify the morphological characteristics of Ayanis sheep, goats, and cattle, as well as potential sex -based exploitation of these animals. Contextualizing the results with faunal remains from contemporary Urartian sites including Bastam in Iran, and Karmir-Blur, Aramus and Horom in Armenia, this study presents hitherto overlooked archaeological evidence of animal -based consumption behavior and rituals, and possible animal taboos practiced by the Urartian royals and elites. It also offers new opportunities for comparative analyses and discussions for the biometric status of domestic livestock and animal -human interactions within the broader context of the Iron Age in the Lesser Caucasus and West Asia.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 9
Length estimation of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) using vertebrae
(Wiley, 2022) Andrews, Adam J.; Mylona, Dimitra; Rivera-Charún, Lucia; Winter, Rachel; Onar, Vedat; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Tinti, Fausto; Morales-Muniz, Arturo
Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus; BFT) is a large (up to 3.3 m in length) pelagic predator which has been exploited throughout the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean since prehistoric times, as attested by its archeological remains. One key insight derivable from these remains is body size, which can indicate past fishing abilities, the impact of fishing, and past migration behavior. Despite this, there exists no reliable method to estimate the size of BFT found in archeological sites. Here, 13 modern Thunnus spp. skeletons were studied to provide power regression equations that estimate body length from vertebra dimensions. In modern specimens, the majority of BFT vertebrae can be differentiated by their morphological features, and thus, individual regression equations can be applied for each rank (position in vertebral column). In an archeological context, poor preservation may limit one's ability to identify rank; hence, “types” of vertebrae were defined, which enable length estimates when rank cannot be determined. At least one vertebra dimension, height, width, or length correlated highly with body length when vertebrae were ranked (R2 > 0.97) or identified to types (R2 > 0.98). Whether using rank or type, length estimates appear accurate to approximately ±10%. Finally, the method was applied to a sample of Roman-era BFT vertebrae to demonstrate its potential. It is acknowledged that further studies with larger sample sizes would provide more precision in BFT length estimates.
Supernatural or Social Mind? –Four Case Studies from Southeast Turkey
(Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, 2018) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Oğuz, Güler; Güldoğan, Emre
Originated in early phase of Palaeolithic period, the structure of social mind marks the strongest effect on an individual from a distinct human group. The beliefs on supernatural beings, along with other norms, rites and rituals, are actually considered to be the products of the social mind that has been formed and reformed following environmental and socio-technological changes of humanity through time. Southeast Turkey is a region where all people groups have been believed on different types of supernatural forces and this is commonly found in archaeological remains since prehistoric period. Moreover, at present day, the beliefs on supernatural beings as well as their socio-psychological effects are more visible in the region comparing to other parts of Turkey. Therefore, out of 53 case studies obtained in ethnographic fieldworks, thorough examination of 4 individual case studies have been performed in this study to illustrate the power and functions of social mind in producing the beliefs on supernatural beings. Further, as the consequence of these beliefs, the generation sufferings in the region have also been examined in this study.
Assessment of Sex and Stature of Unknown Skeletal Remains: Cerrahpaşa Anatomy Collection
(2013) Ayşe ACAR; Mehmet Yaşar İŞCAN
Objective: Human skeletal parts are used in medical schools for anatomy education. Bones show the characteristics there are informative for deceased people. Anthropologist also used in the similar bones to assess by using metric and morphologic techniques to determine identification.The purpose of this investigation is to determine demographic characteristics such as sex and stature of people commingled in laboratories. The technique is less affective on samples with few remains. Material and Methods: The analysis is based on 319 unknown bones macerated from cadavera used in I.U. Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty anayomy labratories. Measurements were taken in mm with an osteometric board, digital and sliding calipers and steel tape. Results: Sex determination is based on humeral and femoral head diameters. Stature was calculated from Trotter’s regression formulae. Results indicated that there were 21 males (stature=166 cm) and 34 females (stature=154 cm) from the humeral head diameter. Results from the femur were 27 males (stature=165 cm) and 34 females (stature=156 cm) from the femoral head diameter. Conclusion: As a result, unknown sex and collection with a good preservation can asist forensic scientist to develop techniques to identify remains found in mass disasters (plane crash, earthquake and similar disasters). Therefore, these remains can be used in forensic anthropological research even though their number is limited and they lack information about the sample. It assists to understand biological nature of a skeletal population.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
High level of fluctuating asymmetry in the Byzantine dogs from the Theodosius Harbor, Istanbul, Turkey
(Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2021) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Parés-Casanova, Pere M.; Öncü, Ö. Emre; Kar, Hakan; Onar, Vedat
Asymmetry, the abnormality of an organism or a part of it from its perfect symmetry, is represented by three different categories: fluctuating asymmetry, directional asymmetry, and antisymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry attributes to random developmental variation of a morphological character, whereas directional asymmetry attributes one of the body sides to be more prominent than the other. Antisymmetry appears whenever one body side of a biological body shows greater morphological appearance than the other. Since more environmental stress often produces greater effect of fluctuating asymmetry, it can be a good indicator of physiological stress in the morphological characteristic of a biological being. Applying, so far, the first geometric morphometric methods on any Byzantine fauna, this study aimed to determine the kind and direction of skull asymmetry occurred in Byzantine dog skulls. Aiming this, asymmetries in 16 adult Byzantine dog skulls unearthed form Yenikapı-Marmaray excavation (ancient Theodosius Harbor) in İstanbul, were compared with 39 adult skulls of modern pet dog breeds. Seventeen landmarks (3 midline and 14 bilateral) were selected on the digital pictures of the ventral aspect of each skull, and used for detailed analysis. The results showed a greater percentage of fluctuating asymmetry in the Byzantine dog skulls, suggesting them not to be the remains of pets or housed dogs but perhaps the labor or stray dogs in the Byzantine capital Constantinople.
FOURTH MOLARS-HYPERDONTIA: A CASE REPORT IN MIDYAT/AKTAS,
(2014) Ayşe ACAR
Hyperdontia or Supernumerary teeth are called numeric anomalies of teeth that is rare condition of unknown etiology. Genetic factors play important etiological role in the development of supernumerary teeth. This study was done on human remains found in four tombs at Aktas Site (Midyat/Turkey) excavated in 2013. A case report presents occurence in two mandibles which have fourth molars from the first tomb. Burial remains of human skeletons were dated to archaeological periods in AD 3rd and 4th centuries. There has been no information on sex, age, cause of death and demographic data of Aktas population so far. Morphological technique was used for sex assessment in the samples. We used dental wear to assess the age. The age and sex of the first sample were estimated between 20 and 25, and male respectively. The fourth molar of the first sample is post-mortem absent and the alveolary is located in the distal M3. The sample was poorly preserved, that is why it was not possible to assess the age and sex in the second mandible. The fourth molar crown developed, however, its root was rudimentary and its size was smaller than the other molars in the second mandible. The cases described few samples of the supernumerary teeth.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 6
A cat skeleton from the balatlar church excavation, sinop, Turkey
(MDPI AG, 2021) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Onar, Vedat; Köroğlu, Gülgün; Armutak, Altan; Öncü, Öğül Emre; Chrószcz, Aleksander
In the 2015 excavation season, an east–west oriented burial (2015-Grave-14) built with large dimension stone blocks was unearthed on the south edge of “Area IVi” at the Balatlar Church in Sinop, on the northeastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. In this grave, which is dated between the end of the 6th century AD and the first half of the 7th century AD, a human skeleton was found with the head to the west and a cat skeleton was carefully placed next to the right femur. This study on the burial and the cat skeleton within it shows that, compared to the Roman period, the status of cats reached a higher level during the Byzantine period. It was found that alongside of being a pet, the Balatlar cat was a young healthy female individual that instinctively hunted rodents and birds, given that the remains of a rat and a sparrow were found in the region of the abdominal cavity, corresponding with the stomach location in the living animal. The grave presents the most significant direct archaeological evidence of a pet–human bond recorded at any Byzantine site so far.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 6
Local trend of symbolism at the dawn of the Neolithic: The painted bone plaquettes from PPNA Kortiktepe, Southeast Turkey
(Elsevier, 2021) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Şahin, Feridun S.; Özkaya, Vecihi
The PPNA site of Körtiktepe in the Upper Tigris Basin yielded one of the richest Pre-Pottery Neolithic assemblages in Western Asia. The site also stands among a few key Epipalaeolithic–Neolithic transitional centers that played vital roles in the origin and evolution of Neolithic symbolism in Upper Mesopotamia. The site was occupied from the second half of the 11th millennium BCE, and throughout much of the 10th millennium BCE the sedentary hunter-gatherers at Körtiktepe engaged in a socio-symbolic organization with elaborate funerary practice and extensive manufacture of symbolic artifacts, including figurative plaquettes, engraved stone vessels, incised shaft straighteners with elaborate designs, scepters, and large assemblages of beads, mostly unearthed from c2000 intra-site burials. No other PPN site has yielded such an extensive number of burial remains and grave goods. Here, we present a group of painted bone plaquettes displaying morphological features and some imagery so far not seen at any other Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Western Asia. Assessing the specimens in light of the wider symbolic practices among the first Neolithic societies, we argue that Körtiktepe was an important center of symbolic trend at the dawn of the Neolithic in the Upper Tigris Basin.
The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia (Southern Turkey) and its Sacred Places
(Cambridge University Press, 2011) Soileau, Mark
Gisela Procházka-Eisl and Stephan Procházka. The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia (Southern Turkey) and its Sacred Places. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010. 404 pages, 61 color pictures. Cloth €68 ISBN 978–3-447–06178-0.
Social zooarchaeology of marine remains from Marmaray-Yenikapi excavation: Examining the aquatic resources exploitation in Constantinople
(2016) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Özkan, Ermiş; Onar, Vedat
Located between Marmara Sea and Black Sea, Constantinople was the centre of international trade during its reign. Byzantines developed one of the strongest navies in that time exploiting these water bodies. Testimonies of both Byzantium and foreign visitors show that marine resources had a great significance in Byzantine life. Fishing constituted one of the most important sources of income in the capital with the blessing of Bosporus Strait and Golden-Horn. Byzantines also developed various fishing methods. They were also well aware about the high nutritional value of fish and other aquatic resources. A large number of evidences related to aquatic activities have been unearthed by Yenikapı and Marmaray excavation. Profound amount of artefacts, more than 30 shipwrecks and faunal remains of various marine species are notable of them. Marine species from this site includes tuna fish (Thunnus thynnus L.), swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.), catfish (Clarias sp.), sharks (Carcharhinidae sp.), sea breams (Sparidae sp.), dolphins (Delphinidae sp.), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), gilthead breams (Sparusaurata L.), mackerels (Scomber sp.), bonitos (Sarda sp.), crabs (Crustacea sp.), sea turtles (Cheloniidae sp.) and a great number of shells (Mollusc sp.) etc. Some marine species found in Yenikapı were seldom affordable to common citizens in Constantinople. Drilling, chopping and slaughter marks strongly suggest their use for gastronomic treats by elites. Besides, many of them were also used in decorative accessories, luxury materials and exotic shows. Known as “Langa Bostanlari” in Ottoman period, Yenikapı was the ‘Theodosius harbour’ in Byzantine capital. Being a very significant international trade centre and one of the major ports in Empire, remains of different aquatic activities, especially the marine species from this site examines previous Byzantine testimonies as well as shows new aspects about the marine food consumption and social utilization of aquatic resources in Constantinople.
Some ethnoarchaeological notes on Alaybeyi Höyük in the light of present Alaybeyi Village
(Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2019) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Savaş, Burcu; Çoşar, Engin; Altunkaynak, Gülşah
Ethnographic methods have a long history of use for the reconstruction of human behavior and cultural patterns at archaeological sites (e.g., Broderick, 2016; Sinopoli, 1991). However, although the record and interpretation of living culture have been practiced in academia for centuries, ethnoarchaeology as a sub-discipline of archaeology has emerged particularly during the 1960s. Since then, this disciplinary tool has been applied for examining and solving the archaeological problems including, site formation and depositional processes, documentation of technological advancements, settlement patterns, human-environment interactions, social systems and social strategies, as well as ideologies and belief systems. Aiming to explore some significant clues regarding to the unanswered questions about the subsistence strategies, rituals, animal burials, architecture, technologies, and human-environment interactions at Alaybeyi Höyük, an ethnographic field study was planned to be carried out particularly in Erzurum plain. In this case, the Alaybeyi village was found to be the most suitable study area since it lies at the closest location of Alaybeyi Höyük. Besides, people in the village still live on cattle pastoralism, small scale agriculture, as well as with an environmental condition probably very much similar to that experienced by the Chalcolithic and Iron Age people at Alaybeyi Höyük.
New Insights on the Ethno-religious Diversity in Bangladesh
(CenRaPS Journal of Social Sciences, 2020) Habib, Ahsan; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Bangladesh has been a favorable land of human habitation because of the abundance and easy access of natural resource. People groups of diverse ethnicity and religious background migrated into Bengal since prehistoric period. Several waves of force migrations also occurred during colonial time, particularly to supply a large number of indentured laborers (bonded slaves) in newly developed tea estates. Consequently, Bangladesh has a population diverse in color, morphological trait, ethnicity and religious practice. However, while the majority of them are recognized as Bengali, some unique people groups are living with their distinct ethnic identities and religious beliefs, officially known as tribal people. In most of the cases these distinct people groups live side by side with the mainstream Bengali people and repeatedly presented to be the witnesses of ethno-religious harmony. Till date, about 30 of such isolated tribal groups were official reported and narrated in academic literature. However, a total of about 50 other people groups of distinct ethno-religious identities were recently documented as part of ongoing ethnographic explorations across Bangladesh. This research aims to introduce some of these people groups including Malpahari, Lohar, Paharia, Turia, Kol, Pahan in the north; Kowl, Shobor, Sinteng, Retra, Kanu, Bhar, Kharia, Koch, Pashi, Bindi, Turia, Rawtia, Lalong, Bagdi, and Ghashi in the northeast; and Pankho, Khushi, and Usheyi in the southeastern part of Bangladesh. Discussing some new aspects, it also aims to bring some new sheds of lights in the study of ethno-religious diversity of Bangladesh.
CONTRIBUTION OF NGO's TO THE INTEGRATION OF SYRIAN IMMIGRANTS IN MARDIN
(TRANSNATIONAL PRESS LONDON, 2019) Şanlı, Süleyman
This study particularly focuses on how NGOs based in the city centre of Mardin offer services and their role in Syrian refugees, migrants integration. It is important that how immigrants absorb the changes and challenges faced in the destination and how embedded these after their settlement as an expression of integration. This study collected data through in-depth interviews with seven NGOs (4 foreign and 3 local) based in Mardin. Alongside the fieldwork, some documents including news items, internet portals, and reports, are used to support the study. Due to ethical practice codes, names of the respondents and their organisations are not revealed. Pseudonymes are used to refer to respondents.
A heart-shaped bone artifact from Körtiktepe
(2020) Özkaya, Vecihi; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Along with the emergence of sedentary life, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) settlements brought revolutionary changes in production of material cultures as well as cultic and ritual activities, which are often argued to be associated with new waves of interactions between humans and their natural world. Körtiktepe of southeastern Turkey yielded by far the richest PPN assemblage in the world, standing among the very few earliest cultural and production centers which acted to be the predecessors of the development and spread of the Neolithic in West Asia. In this paper, we report a heart-shaped bone artifact which is one of the rarest finds in the extremely large cultural assemblage of Körtiktepe. The manufacture features indicate that the “heart-like” shape of this unique artifact was the product of intentional human activity. Overall archaeological context indicates its probable use as a bone pendant or amulet for the dead; providing the fact of its association with three early PPNA burials, many other ritual objects, and a large number of grave goods. Although difficult to argue for its association with the sense for “emotion”, “affection” or “love” in the present world, it is still significant that the unique specimen traces the symbolic presence and ritual use of the shape of a “heart” in West Asian prehistoric context back to the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic of around 10000 cal BC.
Anthrozoological study on the agro-pastoral societies of Kızıltepe, Southeast Anatolia
(İnsan ve İnsan, 2018) Şanlı, Süleyman; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
Since the origin, humans have been depended and formed mixtures of complex relationships with nonhuman animals. These mutualistic relationships eventually intensified following the animal domestication. Southeast Anatolia is one of the important regions where the first domestication of sheep, goat, cattle, and pig occurred as well as domestic herds have been fundamental in every socio-cultural aspect in the region until today. Therefore, Southeast Anatolia has been an ideal place for pastoral and anthrozoological study. Through fieldworks and exploratory case studies in agro-pastoral societies in Kızıltepe, we found certain sheep, goats, and cattle are capable of distinguishing and recognizing human and other cross-species individuals as like they do in their own species. Alongside of providing protein, wealth and social status, herd animals in Kızıltepe also possess deep affection and emotional bonds with human individuals as like as pets in urban societies. On the other hand, we do not observe any gender or sibling effect in children-animal bond which was focused in some contemporary studies. Our overall observations and findings also demonstrate some intangible culture cores in Southeast Anatolia which is promoted mainly by the complex relationships between human and their domestic herds.
Transition of human-animal interaction in the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of Central Anatolia: Aspects in faunal remains of three prominent Epi-Palaeolithic and Early Neolithic settlements
(2016) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar
The Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene is considered to be the transitional phase of a new formation of human-environment interaction in Anatolia and the Near East that eventually changed the planet Earth. Human first started to domesticate animals in a region between the Levant and Central Anatolia. In contrast of most other areas, the Anatolian Plateau has environmental characteristics that hosted wild ancestors of the earliest domestic species. Evidence shows that those wild ancestors were present in the Late Pleistocene, before 8000 cal. BC, in the plateau itself. Pınarbaşı rock shelter provides the first detailed evidence of Epi-Palaeolithic occupation as well as the nature of Late Glacial and earliest Holocene environment in the Anatolian Plateau during the second half of the 9th millennum cal. BC. Aşıklı Höyük, a mound site, represents the birth of the Aceramic Neolithic in Central Anatolia dated back to ca. 9,000 cal. BC. Sheep herding and cultivation of wheat took place with distinct local characteristics by sedentary village communities of this settlement at least in 8000 cal. BC. Boncuklu Höyük, a tell site, shows the transition from hunter-gatherer-foragers to agriculturalists in Central Anatolia. Mammal species found in Boncuklu Höyük were hunted and they exploited a mosaic of habitats including wetlands, grasslands and woodlands during the half of 9th millennium BC. Therefore, the faunal assamblage of these three sites illustrates the best witness to an understanding of the beginning of sedentism, cultivation and the transition of human-animal-environment interaction through the Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene of Central Anatolian Plateau. My PhD thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of this transition. This communication wants to give a glimpse of how it might have occurred and to establish some of the questions I will consider in the future.
Did the historical range of the European bison (Bison bonasus L.) extend further south?—a new finding from the Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray excavation, Turkey
(Mammal Research, 2017) Onar, Vedat; Soubrier, Julien; Toker, Nezir Yaşar; Llamas, Bastien; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Pasicka, Edyta; Tokarska, Malgorzata
The origin of the European bison (Bison bonasus, Linnaeus, 1758) has been widely discussed and investigated in recent years. The species had a wide historic geographic distribution throughout the European continent during the middle and late Holocene, ranging from France in the west to the Caucasus in the east. However, archaeological evidence is needed to resolve the southern extent of the European bison distribution. We discovered one bison skull fragment during archaeological excavations in 2008 in the area of Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray (Turkey). Radiocarbon dating indicated the skull was deposited during the Byzantine period (seventh to eighth century AD). Mitochondrial genome analyses provided clear evidence that the skull was from a European bison. This is the first unambiguous evidence of the presence of this species in southeastern Europe during Byzantine times, which validates the historical written records of a potentially wider range of the European bison in historical times.
Adoption and abandon of camel culture in Southeast Anatolia
(Selçuk Efes Kent Belleği Yayınları, 2018) Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Erdem, Çağdaş; Şanlı, Süleyman
Camels are exotic animals in Anatolia. Except the Palaeolithic site of Karain Cave, no pre-Bronze Age archaeological site reveals any camel remains so far in Anatolia. However, domestic camel became common and very significant in the Early Imperial as well as in the Roman and Byzantine Anatolia. Southeast Anatolian region, being the corridor between Anatolia and Mesopotamia, always played key roles since the early stage of the spread of camel culture in rest of Anatolia. Moreover, from the Bronze Age to nineteenth century onwards, camel pastoralism was very lucrative in Southeast Anatolia mainly because of trade, transport and warfare. While camel culture was gradually abandoned in rest of the Anatolia in the beginning of twentieth century, camels still remained as an important socio-cultural part of pastoral groups in Southeast Anatolia until last 30 years. In the light of archaeozoologic, ethnohistoric and ethnozoological data, this review is aimed to illustrate a glimpse of camel culture in Southeast Anatolia throughout different cultural periods in the region.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Lower palatine developmental instability in hybrid Old World camelids
(2020) Parés-Casanova, Pere M.; Sıddıq, Abu Bakar; Morilla-Gorgot, Cristina; Onar, Vedat
Objective: In this research study, we explore the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of palate Camelus hybrids and their parental species (dromedary and Bactrian). Materials and methods: We studied a sample of pictures from 27 adult skulls of pure Camelus dromedarius (n = 13), Camelus bactrianus (n = 7), and their crosses (n = 7), from two different collections. A set of 11 semilandmarks was located on the palatal region and was studied by means of geometric morphometric methods. The asymmetric variation was analyzed and evaluated for allometric effects, and variation among these three groups was studied using a canonical variates analysis. Results: Among hybrids, there appeared a significantly lower amount of FA in comparison to the parental species, which may reflect the lower levels of genetic stress and higher levels of directional asymmetry, which may suggest the presence of strongly transgressive mastication compared to pure species. Conclusion: Camel hybrids would present increased developmental stability and better adaptation over those of parenteral lines.

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