Alkan, Halit
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Dr. Öğr. Üyesi
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Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
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| Journal | Count |
|---|---|
| RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi | 2 |
| RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies | 2 |
| Artuklu Human and Social Science Journal | 1 |
| Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi | 1 |
| Contemporary Issues Series: Humanities and Literature | 1 |
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Now showing 1 - 10 of 31
Article A Structuralist Approach to Harold Pinter’s "The Dumb Waiter"(2022) Alkan, HalitStructuralism is an approach that seeks to decode the encoded whole consisting of a system to explore a textual work’s deep structure from the surface structure. This study analyses Harold Pinter’s “The Dumb Waiter” (1960) according to the structuralist approach. The harmony of the play’s deep structure performs on binary opposition between Ben and Gus who repeat mechanical behaviours and conversations since they are imprisoned for a while in a narrow space. Concrete mechanical elements such as the lavatory and the dumb waiter also repeat the same activities. Although the play is over, the melody continues since Ben and Gus are given no role other than being hitmen and victims. As for the deep meaning, individuals who appear as a functional part of the mechanism show the possibility that the oppressive mechanism may become inoperable as a result of questioning the mechanism.Conference Object The Discourse of 'Othering' in Hanif Kureishi's “The Buddha of Suburbia”(IKSAD Publishing House, 2020) Alkan, HalitIn order to sell overproduction, find new markets and buy larger amounts of raw materials at cheapest price, most developed European countries occupied territories especially in areas with no political and economic structures from the 16th century to the 20th century. In addition to Western colonialism, Western people take the so called ‘civilizing mission’ on as a duty because they believe in superiority of their civilization. Therefore, the Western ideology has produced arbitrary boundaries between itself and ‘other’, and referred to ‘other’s land as the ‘Orient’ and ‘the land of barbarians’. During postcolonial period, many communities from the former colonial regions have migrated to Britain. The discourse of ‘othering’ has been maintained by the host British society for centuries. In this context, Hanif Kureishi’s "The Buddha of Suburbia" (1990) allows readers to analyse the discourse of ‘othering’ in terms of gender, class, culture, and race. The novel concerns the quest of both an Indian Haroon who is married to a British woman and his adolescent son Karim to find ethnic, cultural and gender identity in British society. Haroon and his friend Anwar, representing first-generation immigrants in the multicultural British society, are not only silenced by the ruling British society, which see them as intruders and dependents, but also considered by representatives of the ruling group as exotic, suspicious, and the ‘other’. Although Haroon’s son, Karim, imitates the host culture, he cannot escape being considered as the ‘other’ because of his race, colour, class and culture. Although Anwar’s daughter, Jamila, struggles between her main culture and the host culture in a multicultural society, and represents the role of a contemporary woman who questions the patriarchal understanding is also considered as the ‘other’. There are racial lines, with the white Europeans on one side, and everyone else on the other.Article George Moore’un Esther Waters Eserinde Kadının Konumuna Yapısalcı Bir Yaklaşım(2020) Alkan, HalitYapısalcılık, parça ve bütün arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlar. Bu çalışma, George Moore’un Esther Waters (1894) eserini yapısalcı yaklaşım açısından incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Romanın yüzeysel yapısı, oğlunu tek başına büyüten Esther’e odaklanır. Dizimsel bağıntı açısından Esther, William ile evlilik dışı bir cinsel ilişki yaşar, oğlunu tek başına büyütür, ancak sonunda William ile evlenir. Dizisel bağıntı açısından, yetim olan ve erken yaşta çalışmaya başlayan Esher ve William arasında eşyapılılık bir ilişki vardır. Eğitim ve annelik, derin yapıda açık göstergeler haline gelir: Gösteren eğitimken gösterilen meslektir ve gösteren annelikken, gösterilen fedakarlıktır. Derin yapı açısından, romanın uyumu ‘özne olarak varlık’ ve ‘nesne olarak varlık’ arasındaki ikili karşıtlık üzerine kuruludur. ‘Özne olarak varlık’ olan Esther, bir seçim yapıp evlilik dışı bir cinsel ilişki yaşar, gerekli adımı atıp oğlunu doğurur ve sorumluluk üstlenip oğlu için mücadele eder. Romanın ezgisi, evlenme hakkında kısır bir döngü üzerine kuruludur. Roman biter ama ezgisi devam eder çünkü kadınlar maddi özgürlük sağlayacak eğitimden ve mesleklerden mahrum bırakılmaya devam edecek. Derin anlama gelince, zihinsel kapasite açısından kadınlar ve erkekler arasında doğuştan gelen bir fark yoktur ancak erkek egemen toplum tarafından kadınlara dayatılan önyargılar vardır ve kadınlara toplumda eş ve anne rolünü sahiplenerek evlenmekten başka bir seçenek sunulmamaktadır.Article The Id, Ego and Superego in Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night’s Dream"(2023) Alkan, HalitDealing with human nature, literature is considered to be intertwined with the science of psychology. Psychoanalysis is a method of descending to the unconscious sources of desires, instincts and thoughts and bringing conflicts to the consciousness. Sigmund Freud previously divides the human personality into two systems as unconscious and conscious; however, he then reaches the distinction between ‘id’, ‘ego’ and ‘superego’. While the id works in accordance with instincts, the superego pays regard to morality, but the ego tries to equalize these requests with the reality of the outside world under appropriate conditions. This study aims to analyze the psychological attitudes underlying the behaviors of the characters in William Shakespeare’s "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" through the Freudian concepts of id, ego and superego. Shakespeare changes spaces from society (reality) to nature (dream) in order to arrive at comedy. The Athenians Theseus and Hippolyta are doubled with their fairy counterparts Oberon and Titania, and this doubling offers that the forest in the play is the dreamscape of Athens in which suppressed personalities can emerge. There is reality in daytime and Theseus and Egeus are controlled by the superego in the society. Here, the male-dominant world causes unhappiness to Lysander and Hermia through oppression. There is dream in night-time and the characters are surrounded by the id in the forest. Here, the male-dominant world causes happiness through wish-fulfilment. There is a struggle within all the lovers between the patriarchal superego and the primitive id. The use of psychoanalytic theory in drama is put forward to help readers appreciate this literary text from a different aspect.Article A Structuralist Analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre’s "The Flies"(Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, 2016) Alkan, HalitStructuralism that began to be active in the 1950’s is the approach to define the relationship between the part and the whole. This article provides the phases of linguistics that form the source of structuralism, theory and applications of structuralism and its terminology. This article mainly deals with a structuralist analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre’s "The Flies". The surface structure of The Flies mirrors Sartre’s conception of the structure of freedom. In order to recognize one’s freedom, one must let go of the past like in Act I, make a choice like in Act II Scene I, act on it like in Act II Scene II, and then take its responsibility like in Act III. The surface meaning of the play is that human must accept the past for what it was, for the real events that they did or didn’t do, what they wished and desired and hated. Only then can they choose how the past will decide their future. Only those people who choose, act on it, and accept its responsibility can be free. Bemoaning one’s existence and leaving it to the control of others removes freedom and responsibility. As for the deep structure of the play, its harmony operates on binary opposition between Orestes and Electra. As Orestes is a ‘being as a subject’ and free, he looks towards his future; however, as Electra is a ‘being as an object’ and not free, she sticks into the past. Its melody operates on the fixed cycle of the story of committing a sin and feeling guilt and remorse. The play ends but its melody continues because Electra will carry the darkness of the Furies with her in the form of guilt and remorse forever though they have physically left her alone. In terms of the deep meaning of the play, Orestes’s mission becomes an effort to show the Argives who are manipulated by external forces that they do not have to act like “guilty people” by showing them that they are already free - that they have always been free because they are human beings. Despite being physically confined, one has the freedom of mind which cannot be taken away to disobey external forces. No one has power over you until you give him or her that power.Book Charlotte Brontë’s "Shirley" A Dialectic Solution: Capitalist and feminist problematic(LAP LAMBERT Acadmic Publishing, 2022) Alkan, HalitThis book tries to find answers to the questions such as how Charlotte Brontë evaluated capitalism and feminism in her novel, "Shirley" (1849), whether she dealt with them in accordance to the characteristics of the 19th century Victorian Era or not, on which parameters she criticized capitalism and why she turned to feminism. As for the method the novel, Shirley is resolved on the basis of Marx’s dialectic approach consisting of thesis, antithesis and synthesis.Article A Transnational Approach to Salman Rushdie’s "Midnight’s Children"(2020) Alkan, HalitColonialism and post-colonialism have led to the development of transnationalism that is the interconnectivity among people and nation states in terms of the economic and social significance of boundaries. When transnational approach is applied to Salman Rushdie’s "Midnight’s Children" (1981), it allows researchers to analyse transnational impact on race, culture and gender not only in host countries but also in home countries. The traditional cultural heritage of India and British imperialism’s impact on Indian society are told through dual identities of the narrator Saleem Sinai who has double parents. Saleem’s grandfather, Aadam Aziz, a Western-trained physician, scorns his wife Naseem who could not notice the difference between mercurochrome and blood stains. As a traditional Indian wife Naseem’s response to the immoral sexual desires of her husband who has adopted the Western culture is a reaction to British cultural environment in India. Saleem’s mother Amina’s cultural conflict caused by colonialism is emphasized because she has to carry on her traditional culture-specific daily habits in her new house bought from a colonialist without changing the order established by Methwold. Despite gaining their independence, Indians cannot get rid of the impact of British colonialism. In terms of transnationalism, Indians are considered as undeveloped, ignorant and wild by British.Book Bildungsroman Tradition in English Literature(Livre de Lyon, 2023) Alkan, HalitThis book tries to reveal the unique characteristics of the English bildungsroman and to examine the change of the English bildungsroman tradition in three centuries by analysing these characteristics in Daniel Defoe’s "Moll Flanders" of the eighteenth century, George Eliot’s "The Mill on the Floss" of the nineteenth century, and James Joyce’s "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" of the twentieth century.Conference Object A Structuralist Analysis of Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Dog"(ISPEC Publishing House, 2019) Alkan, HalitStructuralism that began to be active in the 1950’s is the approach to define the relationship between the part and the whole. This study aims to analyse Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Dog" (1899) in terms of the structuralist approach. This short story is analysed synchronically. In the surface structure, there is a tale based on a love affair between Dmitri Dmitritch Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna who are married to other people. In terms of syntagmatic relation, Gurov marries his wife while he is a student in his second year, and Anna Sergeyevna marries her husband while she is at the age of 20. In terms of paradigmatic relation, there is also homology of relationship between the two couples because Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna both have unhappy marriages. As for the surface structure, in Section I and Section II, the setting is Yalta and the season is summer which represents warmth, freedom, pleasure, optimism while in Section III and Section IV, the setting is Moscow and the season is winter which represents coldness, oppression, pain, pessimism. As for the surface meaning, love is both pleasure and pain. Arranged marriage and love in the surface structure are closed signs. These signs become explicit signs in the deep structure in the following sense: While the signifier is marriage, the signified isdisappointment; while the signifier is love, the signified is power. As for the deep structure, itsharmony operates on binary opposition between ‘being as a subject’ and ‘being as an object’. In Section I and Section II, Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna are ‘beings as an object’ and not free because they take the judgment of others into consideration. In Section III and Section IV, Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna who fall in love with each other become ‘beings as a subject’ and free because they ignore how others judge them, make their choice, take action and take the responsibility of their decision. Its melody operates on the fixed cycle of getting married on social traditions. The short story ends but its melody continues because Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna will continue to love and meet each other in secret due to their marriage to other people. As for the deep meaning, hell is much of provincial values and unquestioning acceptance of conforming to meaningless social traditions.Book Part A Discourse of ‘Othering’ in E. M. Forster’s "A Passage to India"(Berikan Yayınevi, 2020) Alkan, HalitDue to industrialization and mechanization in Europe, there was the need to sell overproduction, find new markets and buy larger amounts of raw materials at cheapest price. For these reasons, in terms of colonialism, most developed European countries occupied territories especially in areas with no political and economic structures from the 16th century to the 20th century. In addition to economic and political reasons for Western colonialism, there was the so-called ‘civilizing mission’ because Western people believed in superiority of their civilization. The Western ideology has produced arbitrary geographic separation through drawing boundaries between itself and ‘other’, and referred to ‘other’s land as the ‘Orient’ and ‘the land of barbarians’. In this sense, a discourse of the ‘othering’ has been produced especially in the colonial period and in literature. In this context, E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India (1924) allows readers to analyse how colonialism impacts on gender, class, culture and race. It concerns the relations between the English and the native population of India during the colonial period in which Britain ruled India. In the novel, A Passage to India, one of the major characters named Dr Aziz, like many of the other Indians, struggles with the problem of the English in India. On the one hand, he appreciates some of the modernizing influences that the West has brought to India; on the other hand, he feels that the presence of the English degrades and oppresses his people. The British Empire is portrayed as a fundamentally racist institution that excludes and subjugates others. There are racial lines, with the white Europeans on one side, and everyone else on the other. Indians are referred to as the ‘Oriental’ and ‘Other’ who are stereotypically considered to be undeveloped, ignorant and wild as opposed to the intellectual, civilized, and progressive Westerner. Indians are considered unable to rule themselves, essentially needing the British Empire to help them toward civilization.
