Alkan, Halit

Alkan, Halit

Job Title

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi

Main Affiliation

Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü

Status

Current Staff

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Scholarly Output

31

Articles

21

Citation Count

0

Supervised Theses

0 Scholarly Output Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 31

Bildungsroman Tradition in English Literature
(Livre de Lyon, 2023) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
This book tries to reveal the unique characteristics of the English bildungsroman and to examine the change of the English bildungsroman tradition in three centuries by analysing these characteristics in Daniel Defoe’s "Moll Flanders" of the eighteenth century, George Eliot’s "The Mill on the Floss" of the nineteenth century, and James Joyce’s "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" of the twentieth century.
A Structuralist Analysis of Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Dog"
(ISPEC Publishing House, 2019) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
Structuralism that began to be active in the 1950’s is the approach to define the relationship between the part and the whole. This study aims to analyse Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Dog" (1899) in terms of the structuralist approach. This short story is analysed synchronically. In the surface structure, there is a tale based on a love affair between Dmitri Dmitritch Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna who are married to other people. In terms of syntagmatic relation, Gurov marries his wife while he is a student in his second year, and Anna Sergeyevna marries her husband while she is at the age of 20. In terms of paradigmatic relation, there is also homology of relationship between the two couples because Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna both have unhappy marriages. As for the surface structure, in Section I and Section II, the setting is Yalta and the season is summer which represents warmth, freedom, pleasure, optimism while in Section III and Section IV, the setting is Moscow and the season is winter which represents coldness, oppression, pain, pessimism. As for the surface meaning, love is both pleasure and pain. Arranged marriage and love in the surface structure are closed signs. These signs become explicit signs in the deep structure in the following sense: While the signifier is marriage, the signified isdisappointment; while the signifier is love, the signified is power. As for the deep structure, itsharmony operates on binary opposition between ‘being as a subject’ and ‘being as an object’. In Section I and Section II, Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna are ‘beings as an object’ and not free because they take the judgment of others into consideration. In Section III and Section IV, Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna who fall in love with each other become ‘beings as a subject’ and free because they ignore how others judge them, make their choice, take action and take the responsibility of their decision. Its melody operates on the fixed cycle of getting married on social traditions. The short story ends but its melody continues because Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna will continue to love and meet each other in secret due to their marriage to other people. As for the deep meaning, hell is much of provincial values and unquestioning acceptance of conforming to meaningless social traditions.
George Moore’un Esther Waters Eserinde Kadının Konumuna Yapısalcı Bir Yaklaşım
(2020) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
Yapısalcılık, parça ve bütün arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlar. Bu çalışma, George Moore’un Esther Waters (1894) eserini yapısalcı yaklaşım açısından incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Romanın yüzeysel yapısı, oğlunu tek başına büyüten Esther’e odaklanır. Dizimsel bağıntı açısından Esther, William ile evlilik dışı bir cinsel ilişki yaşar, oğlunu tek başına büyütür, ancak sonunda William ile evlenir. Dizisel bağıntı açısından, yetim olan ve erken yaşta çalışmaya başlayan Esher ve William arasında eşyapılılık bir ilişki vardır. Eğitim ve annelik, derin yapıda açık göstergeler haline gelir: Gösteren eğitimken gösterilen meslektir ve gösteren annelikken, gösterilen fedakarlıktır. Derin yapı açısından, romanın uyumu ‘özne olarak varlık’ ve ‘nesne olarak varlık’ arasındaki ikili karşıtlık üzerine kuruludur. ‘Özne olarak varlık’ olan Esther, bir seçim yapıp evlilik dışı bir cinsel ilişki yaşar, gerekli adımı atıp oğlunu doğurur ve sorumluluk üstlenip oğlu için mücadele eder. Romanın ezgisi, evlenme hakkında kısır bir döngü üzerine kuruludur. Roman biter ama ezgisi devam eder çünkü kadınlar maddi özgürlük sağlayacak eğitimden ve mesleklerden mahrum bırakılmaya devam edecek. Derin anlama gelince, zihinsel kapasite açısından kadınlar ve erkekler arasında doğuştan gelen bir fark yoktur ancak erkek egemen toplum tarafından kadınlara dayatılan önyargılar vardır ve kadınlara toplumda eş ve anne rolünü sahiplenerek evlenmekten başka bir seçenek sunulmamaktadır.
The Id, Ego and Superego in Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night’s Dream"
(2023) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
Dealing with human nature, literature is considered to be intertwined with the science of psychology. Psychoanalysis is a method of descending to the unconscious sources of desires, instincts and thoughts and bringing conflicts to the consciousness. Sigmund Freud previously divides the human personality into two systems as unconscious and conscious; however, he then reaches the distinction between ‘id’, ‘ego’ and ‘superego’. While the id works in accordance with instincts, the superego pays regard to morality, but the ego tries to equalize these requests with the reality of the outside world under appropriate conditions. This study aims to analyze the psychological attitudes underlying the behaviors of the characters in William Shakespeare’s "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" through the Freudian concepts of id, ego and superego. Shakespeare changes spaces from society (reality) to nature (dream) in order to arrive at comedy. The Athenians Theseus and Hippolyta are doubled with their fairy counterparts Oberon and Titania, and this doubling offers that the forest in the play is the dreamscape of Athens in which suppressed personalities can emerge. There is reality in daytime and Theseus and Egeus are controlled by the superego in the society. Here, the male-dominant world causes unhappiness to Lysander and Hermia through oppression. There is dream in night-time and the characters are surrounded by the id in the forest. Here, the male-dominant world causes happiness through wish-fulfilment. There is a struggle within all the lovers between the patriarchal superego and the primitive id. The use of psychoanalytic theory in drama is put forward to help readers appreciate this literary text from a different aspect.
An Existentialist Approach to Jean-Paul Sartre’s "No Exit"
(Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
Existentialism that began to be active in the 20th century is the approach to define the human being not only as the thinking being but also as the acting and feeling human individual. This study aims to analyse Jean-Paul Sartre’s "No Exit" (1944) in terms of existentialist approach, namely human’s existence of freedom which depends on the on-going relationships between the aspects of ‘being as a subject’ and ‘being as an object’. The play No Exit depicts the afterlife in which Joseph Garcin, Ines Serrano and Estelle Rigault are brought to the same room in hell. The ‘being as a subject’ of the three characters is judged by people on the earth and is reduced to the state of ‘being as an object’ which gets the unchangeable state by the judgment of others. Joseph will be remembered as a coward and Estelle as a pretty blonde who is the murderer of her child and crazy about money and males while nobody will remember Inez at all. They become the prisoners of each other in hell where the time is stable and where they are completely deprived of the freedom of existence of ‘being as a subject’ because they no longer have the opportunity to act and to change the thoughts about themselves. This imprisonment fixes them in the state of ‘being as an object’. The victim changes every time and there are two tortures against it. Therefore, they are both the torturers and the victims: Hell is other people.
A Psychoanalytic Liberal Feminist Analysis of George Moore’s “Esther Waters”
(2023) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
In the nineteenth-century English society, the public sphere was associated with rationality and man whereas the private sphere was identified with morality and woman. Being deprived of education and professions, women were given the roles of wife and mother. Liberal feminism emphasizes the equality of woman with man in legal and social life. In this sense, the standpoints of Mary Wollstonecraft, Harriet Taylor, and John Stuart Mill for women’s position are expressed. The analysis of the unconscious is important for examining the oppression that women were subjected to in patriarchal society. Thus the views of important psychoanalysts such as Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, and Jacques Lacan are explained. This study examines women’s position in George Moore’s "Esther Waters" in terms of education and marriage with a psychoanalytic liberal feminist approach. Esther has an extramarital sex, has an illegitimate child and financially struggles for her son as a fallen woman. In this study, no matter how Esther tries to draw a libertarian and ‘New Woman’ profile, the patriarchal society in which she lives does not allow her to be liberated and she continues her life by being forced to marry.
A Structuralist Analysis of Women’s Position in George Eliot’s "Middlemarch"
(IVPE, 2019) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
Structuralism that began to be active in the 1950’s is the approach to define the relationship between the part and the whole. This study aims to analyse George Eliot’s "Middlemarch" (1872) in terms of the structuralist approach. This novel is analysed synchronically. In the surface structure of the novel, there is a plot based on the relationships between Dorothea Brooke, Edward Casaubon, Rosamond Vincy and Tertius Lydgate. In terms of syntagmatic relation, while Dorothea marries Casaubon, Rosamond marries Lydgate. Both Dorothea and Rosamond marry their spouses to actualize only their dream goals. In terms of paradigmatic relation, there is also homology of relationships between the two couples because there is an unhappy marriage between Dorothea and Casaubon as well as an unhappy marriage between Rosamond and Lydgate. In terms of syntagmatic relation, Dorothea’s husband dies; Rosamond’s husband dies; Dorothea makes a second marriage; Rosamond makes a second marriage. The novel ends but its melody continues because Dorothea and Rosamond are given no role other than being a wife and mother in the male-dominant society. Education, debt and unhappiness in the surface structure of the novel are closed signs. These signs become explicit signs in the deep structure of the novel in the following sense: While the signifier is education, the signified is enlightenment and self-knowledge; while the signifier is debt, the signified is failure and poverty; while the signifier is unhappiness, the signified is illusion and empathy. As for the deep structure of the novel, its harmony operates on binary opposition between Dorothea and Rosamond as follows: ignorance/knowledge, poverty/wealth, imaginary/reality, selfish/unselfish, love/money. The deep meaning obtained from the deep structure is as follows: There is no innate difference between men and women in terms of mental capacity, but there are prejudices imposed by the male-dominated society on women. This is because the patriarchal society does not allow women to have the same educational opportunities as men. Women who are not allowed an adequate education are left with no choice but to marry and have only the role of a wife and mother in society.
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Citation - Scopus: 0
A Stylistic Approach To Thomas Campion's there is a Garden in Her Face
(Rector Ciu Cyprus int Univ, 2023) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
Literary works come into existence through authors' use of language units in particular ways. Style is considered as the choice of linguistic characteristics from all the probabilities in language. Stylistics attempts to create an interaction of readers with the language of a literary text to clarify how a reader understands the text. This study examines how Thomas Campion manipulated basic linguistic features to form stylistic effects in order to produce meaning in There Is a Garden in Her Face. The analysis involves lexical, semantic, grammatical (syntactic), graphological, and phonological (sound pattern) levels. It helps to clarify the context of the poem. The stylistic analysis shows that the poem is very carefully constructed. All three stanzas in the poem are grammatically parallel to each other and deal with the lady's beauty whose face is compared to a garden of heavenly paradise where every kind of delicious fruit grows there. The unity of the poem is secured by the refrain describing a beautiful lady's lips. The graphological deviation shows a system of capitalization to foreground important words such as "Roses" and "white Lilies" in the poem to represent love/passion, and innocence/purity. The phonetic parallelism reinforces the system of parallel meaning in terms of alliteration and assonance. The poem is based mostly on similes and metaphors to make the imagery of the flowers and fruit growing in a garden much more vivid. With this, the lady's physical features are portrayed. The noun cherry is used with the adjective sacred which portrays that the lady's lips have not been touched or kissed by anyone. The same line which is repeated at the end of each stanza foregrounds that this beautiful lady is unattainable unless if she says her lips are fully ripe to become most valuable. Here, female beauty signals the ideals of Elizabethan beauty: white skin, blushing cheeks, and red lips. This study shows how Campion has been able to manipulate language which is an integral part of a literary work. Campion has created changes through a systemic use of language to get his message across to readers. This study may help researchers understand how Campion used stylistic tools in his poem.
Spenser’ın Amoretti and Epithalamion Ve Shakespeare’in Sonnets Eserlerinde Zaman
(2021) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
İtalya’da ortaya çıkan kısa ve yüksek düzeyde yapılandırılmış şiirsel bir biçim olan sone, Elizabeth döneminde sevilen, idealize edilmiş bir bayana aşk soneleri yazmak için gelişir. Bu çalışma, Edmund Spenser’ın Amoretti ve Epithalamion ve William Shakespeare’in Sonnets eserlerinde zaman temasını ele alır. Spenser Amoretti eserinde son kırk bir yıllık yaşamını yansıtan yılbaşı kutlamalarını ele alır. Spenser Epithalamion eserinde şafaktan düğün gecesine kadar günün saatlerini, bir yıldaki günlere karşılık gelen 365 uzun satırlarda bir yılın geçişini kapsayan bir kayıt tutar. İçeriği, gençliğin heyecanından orta yaş endişelerine doğru ilerler, mutlu bir gün için büyük umutlarla başlayıp konuşmacının gelecek nesillere bıraktığı mirasın kaydıyla biter. Spenser mısralarında zaman akışını dondurarak engellemeye çalışır. Shakespeare Sonnets eserinde, anlatıcının, güzelliğinin gelecek nesiller için güvence altına alınabilmesi amacıyla güzel efendiye çocuğunu doğuracak bir kadın bulması için yalvarmasıyla başlar. Şair, zamanın tahribatından ve güzel efendinin güzelliği üzerindeki zararlı etkilerinden şikayet eder ve güzel efendiyi mükemmelliğini bir çocuğa aktarmaya zorlayarak bu kaçınılmaz sonuçla savaşmaya çalışır. Şair, zamanı, ıstırabın bir boyutu olarak tanımlar ve güzel efendiden kendisini terk etmesini ister. Sonuç olarak zaman, hem öngörülemeyen değişim ve fırsatların başa çıkılamayan bir gücü hem de kişisel olmayan kaygı verici bir etken olarak tanımlanır.
A Liberal Feminist Approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s "The Yellow Wallpaper"
(2021) Alkan, Halit; Department of English Language and Literature / İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü
Patriarchal society gives legal rights and economic power to men only so that women are subject to men and imprisoned in private sphere. When women who are given only the role of a wife and mother begin to demand freedom and legal rights, the basis of feminism appears. This study applies liberal feminist approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s "The Yellow Wallpaper" (1892) in order to analyse the gender roles in terms of patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. After giving birth to a baby, the narrator is diagnosed with hysteria by her husband John who is a physician. She is also prescribed a ‘rest cure’ for three months in the attic of an isolated house. The ‘rest cure’ causes her obsession with the yellow wallpaper and slowly drives her mad due to the limitation of thinking and of raising the consciousness of female in private sphere. To be imprisoned in a room may have enormous risks of disappointment, madness, and suicide. In order to limit a woman’s participation in the intellectual and public sphere, masculine science of nineteenth century’s patriarchal society converts ‘an angel in the house’ into ‘the madwoman in the attic’ under the name of ‘rest cure’. Gilman suggests that a woman can only free herself if her financial conditions are radically changed through finally installing a dialectical movement between private sphere and public sphere.