Toplum felsefesi bağlamında klasik, modern ve feminist ütopyalarda toplumsal cinsiyet olgusu
Date
2019
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Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
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Ütopya edebiyatının temel amacı, gelecekte arzu edilen kusursuz toplumun kurulmasıdır. Bu yeni ve mükemmel toplumun kurgusu yapılırken; ütopya yazıldığı dönemin toplumsal, siyasal ve ekonomik şartlarından yoğun olarak etkilenmektedir. Ütopyalar genellikle klasik ve modern olmak üzere 2'ye ayrılmaktadır. Klasik ütopyanın karakteristik özelliklerine bakıldığında var olan toplumlardan farklı, onlardan yalıtılmış bir toplum ve merkezi yönetim kurgulanarak, söz konusu toplumda yaşayan tüm bireylerin sosyo-ekonomik refah ve mutluluğunun yükseltilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kategoride nitelendirilen ütopyalarda, var olan toplumdan farklı olarak kadının statüsünde ve şartlarında görece bir iyileştirme olsa da, işbölümü ve kadının özel alan içerisindeki konumunda var olan toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine göre bir düzenleme sürekli olarak mevcuttur. 19. yüzyıl ile birlikte Avrupa'da ortaya çıkan ekonomik, siyasal ve toplumsal gelişmeler ve dönüşümler ile birlikte ütopya edebiyatını da etkilemiştir. Bu dönemde ortaya çıkan ütopik eserler ise modern ütopya kategorisi altında değerlendirilmektedir. Bu dönem ütopyaları içerisinde ayrı olarak feminist ütopyalardan ayrı bir başlık altında değerlendirilmektedir. Modern ütopyalar, merkezi otoritenin zayıfladığı veya ortadan kalktığı, toplum yerine bireyselliğe daha çok önem verilen toplumları kurgulaması açısından klasik ütopyalardan farklılaşmaktadır. Bu dönem ütopyalarında erkek yazarlar tarafından yazılan ütopyalara bakıldığında klasik ütopyalarda görüldüğü gibi ataerkil bir bakış açısıyla kurgulandığı görülmektedir. Feminist ütopyalarda ise bireysel özgürlüğü baz alan insanlar arası iletişimin değerli görüldüğü ve özellikle de ataerkil ideolojinin sorgulanarak irdelendiği; bu duruma karşı alternatif toplumsal kurguların üretildiği bir ütopya türü olarak ataerkil bakış açısıyla yazılmış ütopyalardan, özellikle de klasik ve modern ütopyalardan farklılaştığını görebilmekteyiz.
The main purpose of utopias literature is to establish the flawless society that is desired to be established in the future. Fictionalizing this entirely new and perfect society is being intensely influenced by the social, political and economic conditions of the day being constructed. In general, utopias are split into 2 groups as modern, and classical. When examining the characteristic features of the classical utopia, while fictionalizing; being different and isolated from existed societies and centralized management, it is aimed to increase socioeconomic well-being and happiness of the all individuals who lives in aforementioned society. Although there is a relative improvement in the status and conditions of women in the classical utopias, unlike the existing society, there is always a regulation according to the gender roles that exist in the division of labor and the position of women in the private sphere. Utopias literature are influenced associated with 19th Century European economic, political, and societal developments and transformations. The utopian works that emerged during this period are evaluated as the modern utopia category. In the modern utopias period, feminist utopias are evaluated under the different title. Modern utopias are differentiated from classics with regard to fictionalize the weakening or collapsing of the centralized management, and societies in which attaching more importance to the individual rather than the society. When we look at the writings written by male writers in modern utopias period, it is seen that they are constructed from a patriarchal point of view that is not different from classical utopias. We can see that feminist utopias are based on individual freedom, interpersonal communication is valued and in particular, patriarchal ideology is examined and questioned and producing the alternative social constructs against it that are differentiated from utopias written from patriarchal perspective, especially from classical and modern utopias.
The main purpose of utopias literature is to establish the flawless society that is desired to be established in the future. Fictionalizing this entirely new and perfect society is being intensely influenced by the social, political and economic conditions of the day being constructed. In general, utopias are split into 2 groups as modern, and classical. When examining the characteristic features of the classical utopia, while fictionalizing; being different and isolated from existed societies and centralized management, it is aimed to increase socioeconomic well-being and happiness of the all individuals who lives in aforementioned society. Although there is a relative improvement in the status and conditions of women in the classical utopias, unlike the existing society, there is always a regulation according to the gender roles that exist in the division of labor and the position of women in the private sphere. Utopias literature are influenced associated with 19th Century European economic, political, and societal developments and transformations. The utopian works that emerged during this period are evaluated as the modern utopia category. In the modern utopias period, feminist utopias are evaluated under the different title. Modern utopias are differentiated from classics with regard to fictionalize the weakening or collapsing of the centralized management, and societies in which attaching more importance to the individual rather than the society. When we look at the writings written by male writers in modern utopias period, it is seen that they are constructed from a patriarchal point of view that is not different from classical utopias. We can see that feminist utopias are based on individual freedom, interpersonal communication is valued and in particular, patriarchal ideology is examined and questioned and producing the alternative social constructs against it that are differentiated from utopias written from patriarchal perspective, especially from classical and modern utopias.
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Keywords
Felsefe, Philosophy, Ataerkil, Patriarchal, Felsefe, Philosophy, Feminizm, Feminism, Modernizm, Modernism, Toplum felsefesi, Community philosophy, Toplumsal cinsiyet, Gender, Ütopya, Utopia
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130