Tıbbi Olaylar ve Bunların Kavâid-i Fıkhiyye ve Makâsıdü'ş-şeria ile İlişkisi
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2024
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Open Access Color
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Bu araştırma, tıbbi sorunların fıkıh kuralları ile ilişkisini ve İslam hukukunun amaçlarını ele almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, tıbbi sorunların fıkhi önemine, Şeriat prensiplerine ve bu konularla ilgili esaslara değinilmektedir. Ardından, bu tıbbi meselelerin fıkhi kaideler ve İslam hukukunun maksatları ile ilişkili uygulamaları incelenmektedir. Bu tıbbi-fıkhi meseleler, dinin beş temel değeri ve bunlarla ilişkili diğer kurallara göre sınıflandırılacak, ayrıca İslam hukukunun korunmasını önerdiği külli ilkeler doğrultusunda açıklanacaktır. Bu araştırmada usuller ve kurallara uygun olarak ilim ehlinin sözlerine dayanılmıştır. Tıbbi-fıkhi meseleler, öncekilerin fıkhıyla ve çağın gelişmelerini takip eden köklü fıkhi kurallarla ayrı ve izole değildir. Bilinmelidir ki tıbbi olaylardan ve tıbbi yeniliklerden doğan çağdaş fıkhi meseleler, eski meselelerle kıyas edilerek temel bir ilkeye bağlı bir görüş ortaya çıkarmak için değerlendirilmeli, gerçeğe ve çağa açık bir yaklaşımı içermelidir. Bu da, İslam hukukunun esnekliğini göstermekte, her zaman ve her yer için geçerli ve faydalı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tıbbi meselelerle ilişkilendirilen fıkıh ilminin temel prensipler arasında; Zaruretler haram olan şeyleri, helal kılar, zaruret miktarı kadar tahsis edilir, Geleneklere (Örf) hüküm verirken itibar edilir, ameller gayelerine göre değerlendirilir, zarar vermek ve zarara zararla karşılık vermek yoktur, güçlük kolaylık getirir. İslam Hukukunun maksatları arasında; Zaruriyyat, Haciyyat ve Tahsiniyyat (Zaruri, haci ve tahsini maslahatlar) bulunur. İlk olarak; Zaruriyyat: İnsanların hayatlarını idame edebilmesi için korunması gereken şeyler bütünüdür. Eğer bu Zaruriyyat ortadan kalkarsa, bozulma ve kaos meydana gelir, yaşam düzeninde dengesizlik oluşur. Bu İslâm'ın beş temel değeri olan Zaruriyyat şunlardır (zarûriyyât-ı hamse): din, can, akıl, nesil ve mal. İkinci olarak; Haciyyat: İnsanların hayatlarında kolaylık ve refah elde etmeleri için ihtiyaç duydukları şeylerdir. Eğer bunlardan yoksun kalınırsa, hayat düzeni bozulmaz, ancak insanlar sıkıntı ve zorluk çekerler. Bu nedenle, din zorluklar durumunda kolaylık sağlamıştır. Acil bir durumda meytenin (leşin) yenmesi veya seyahat eden oruçlunun Ramazan ayında orucunu bozması ya da evlilik hayatının devamının mümkün olmadığı durumlarda boşanmanın hükme bağlanmış olması gibi durumlar Haciyyat'a örnek olarak verilebilir. viii Üçüncü olarak; Tahsiniyyat: Bu, iyi alışkanlıklar ve güzel ahlakla ilgili olup bu tür şeyler olmazsa, insanların hayatları doğru, ahlaki yoldan sapar. Bu tahsini maslahatların arasında; beden ve giysinin temizliği, setr-i avret (vücudun dinen örtünmesi gereken yerlerin örtünmesi) ve bir kişinin (din) kardeşinin yaptığı satış üzerine satış yapmasının yasaklanması gibi ilkeler bulunur. Zira İslam hukukunun gayelerine dair faydaların bazıları şunlardır: - Şeriatın doğru ve detaylı bir şekilde anlaşılması. - Kuran ve hadis metinlerinin derinlemesine incelenmesi. - Şer'an hükmü bulunmayan çağdaş sorunlara şer'i çözümler bulunması. - İnsanların dinî ve dünyevî hayatlarında kolaylık sağlanması. - Müçtehitlerin, fetva verenlerin ve kadıların düşünsel süreçlerinin düzenlenmesi ve geliştirilmesi. Bu kapsamda, âlimlerin görüşlerine ve fıkıh mezheplerine dayanılarak, meselelerin yorumlanması, feri kaidelerin asli kaidelere bağlanması, hükmü ile ilgili nass bulunmayan meselelerin hükmüne kıyas yoluyla ulaşılması ve farklılıkların dikkate alınması gibi ilkeler benimsenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, çağdaş tıbbi-fıkhi meselelerin hükümleri araştırmak için zikredilen temellerden yararlanılarak, fıkhi kuralların açıklanması ve derlenmesi yoluna gidilmiştir. Bu tez, ana fıkhi kuralların ve İslam hukukunun amaçlarının tıbbi meseleler üzerindeki etkisini içermekte; bunu, fakihlerin görüşlerini ve beyanlarını inceleyerek, bahis konusu sorunları ve hususları beyan ederken fıkhi kuralları uygulayarak ve şeriatın gayelerini dikkate alarak gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu ciddi meselelerin, insanlığın genel çerçevede mutluluğunu sağlamak, insan onuru ile hayatını korumak, insanın bu dünyada etkin bir unsur olmasını teşvik etmek ve Allah'ın ona emanet ettiği dünyayı imar etmek için çaba göstermek, İslam şeriatının temel amacıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Araştırmanın sonunda, elde edilen en önemli bulgular ve bu önemli konunun kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmesine katkıda bulunabilecek öneriler ile tavsiyeler belirtilmiştir.
This Research deals with the relationship of medical problems with the rules of fiqh and the aims of Islamic law. In this context, the fiqh importance of medical problems, Sharia principles and the principles regarding these issues are touched upon. Then, the applications of these medical issues in relation to fiqh rules and the purposes of Islamic law are examined. These medical-juridical issues will be classified according to the five basic values of religion and other rules related to them, and will also be explained in line with the universal principles that Islamic law proposes to protect. This research was based on the words of scholars in accordance with the procedures and rules. Medical-fiqh issues are not separate and isolated from the fiqh of the predecessors and the well-established fiqh rules that follow the developments of the age. It should be known that contemporary jurisprudential issues arising from medical events and medical innovations should be evaluated by comparing them with old issues to reveal an opinion based on a basic principle, and should include an approach open to reality and the age. This shows the flexibility of Islamic law and reveals that it is valid and useful at all times and places. Among the basic principles of fiqh associated with these medical issues; Necessities make things that are forbidden halal, they are allocated according to the amount of necessity, Traditions (Customs) are respected when making decisions, deeds are evaluated according to their purposes, there is no harm or retaliation for harm with harm, difficulty brings ease. Among the purposes of Islamic Law; There are Zaruriyyat, Haciyyat and Tahsiniyyat (Zaruri, haci and tahsini maslahats). Firstly; Zaruriyyat: It is the set of things that must be protected in order for people to survive. If this Necessity is eliminated, corruption and chaos will occur, imbalance in the order of life will occur. The five basic values of Islam are Zaruriyyat (zarûriyyât-ı hamse): religion, life, mind, generation and property. Secondly; Haciyyat: These are the things that people need to achieve ease and prosperity in their lives. If these are deprived, the life order will not be disrupted, but people will suffer from distress and difficulties. Therefore, religion provided ease in case of difficulties. Examples of Haciyyat include the eating of carcass in an emergency, a fasting traveler breaking his fast during Ramadan, or a divorce decision in cases where the continuation of married life is not possible. x As the third; Tahsiniyyat: This is about good habits and good morals, without such things, people's lives will deviate from the right, moral path. Among these estimating matters; There are principles such as cleanliness of body and clothing, setr-i awret (covering the parts of the body that must be covered by religion), and the prohibition of a person from selling upon the sale of his (religious) brother. Some of the benefits related to the purposes of Islamic law are as follows: - Accurate and detailed understanding of Sharia. - In-depth study of the texts of the Quran and hadith. - Finding Sharia solutions to contemporary problems for which there is no Sharia provision. - Providing convenience in people's religious and worldly lives. - Organizing and developing the intellectual processes of mujtahids, fatwa givers and judges. In this context, based on the opinions of scholars and sects of fiqh, principles such as interpreting issues, connecting secondary rules to primary rules, reaching the decision of issues for which there is no nass, through analogy, and taking differences into account have been adopted. In addition, in order to research the provisions of contemporary medical-fiqh issues, the explanation and compilation of fiqh rules has been made by using the mentioned foundations. This thesis covers the impact of the main fiqh rules and aims of Islamic law on medical issues; It does this by examining the opinions and statements of jurists, applying fiqh rules and taking into account the purposes of sharia when stating the issues and issues in question. These serious issues are directly related to the basic purpose of Islamic Sharia, which is to ensure the happiness of humanity in general, to protect human dignity and life, to encourage people to be an active element in this world, and to strive to develop the world entrusted to them by Allah. At the end of the research, the most important findings and suggestions that may contribute to a comprehensive examination of this important issue are stated. Keywords: Islamic Law, Fiqh, Rules, Purposes, Medical Issues.
This Research deals with the relationship of medical problems with the rules of fiqh and the aims of Islamic law. In this context, the fiqh importance of medical problems, Sharia principles and the principles regarding these issues are touched upon. Then, the applications of these medical issues in relation to fiqh rules and the purposes of Islamic law are examined. These medical-juridical issues will be classified according to the five basic values of religion and other rules related to them, and will also be explained in line with the universal principles that Islamic law proposes to protect. This research was based on the words of scholars in accordance with the procedures and rules. Medical-fiqh issues are not separate and isolated from the fiqh of the predecessors and the well-established fiqh rules that follow the developments of the age. It should be known that contemporary jurisprudential issues arising from medical events and medical innovations should be evaluated by comparing them with old issues to reveal an opinion based on a basic principle, and should include an approach open to reality and the age. This shows the flexibility of Islamic law and reveals that it is valid and useful at all times and places. Among the basic principles of fiqh associated with these medical issues; Necessities make things that are forbidden halal, they are allocated according to the amount of necessity, Traditions (Customs) are respected when making decisions, deeds are evaluated according to their purposes, there is no harm or retaliation for harm with harm, difficulty brings ease. Among the purposes of Islamic Law; There are Zaruriyyat, Haciyyat and Tahsiniyyat (Zaruri, haci and tahsini maslahats). Firstly; Zaruriyyat: It is the set of things that must be protected in order for people to survive. If this Necessity is eliminated, corruption and chaos will occur, imbalance in the order of life will occur. The five basic values of Islam are Zaruriyyat (zarûriyyât-ı hamse): religion, life, mind, generation and property. Secondly; Haciyyat: These are the things that people need to achieve ease and prosperity in their lives. If these are deprived, the life order will not be disrupted, but people will suffer from distress and difficulties. Therefore, religion provided ease in case of difficulties. Examples of Haciyyat include the eating of carcass in an emergency, a fasting traveler breaking his fast during Ramadan, or a divorce decision in cases where the continuation of married life is not possible. x As the third; Tahsiniyyat: This is about good habits and good morals, without such things, people's lives will deviate from the right, moral path. Among these estimating matters; There are principles such as cleanliness of body and clothing, setr-i awret (covering the parts of the body that must be covered by religion), and the prohibition of a person from selling upon the sale of his (religious) brother. Some of the benefits related to the purposes of Islamic law are as follows: - Accurate and detailed understanding of Sharia. - In-depth study of the texts of the Quran and hadith. - Finding Sharia solutions to contemporary problems for which there is no Sharia provision. - Providing convenience in people's religious and worldly lives. - Organizing and developing the intellectual processes of mujtahids, fatwa givers and judges. In this context, based on the opinions of scholars and sects of fiqh, principles such as interpreting issues, connecting secondary rules to primary rules, reaching the decision of issues for which there is no nass, through analogy, and taking differences into account have been adopted. In addition, in order to research the provisions of contemporary medical-fiqh issues, the explanation and compilation of fiqh rules has been made by using the mentioned foundations. This thesis covers the impact of the main fiqh rules and aims of Islamic law on medical issues; It does this by examining the opinions and statements of jurists, applying fiqh rules and taking into account the purposes of sharia when stating the issues and issues in question. These serious issues are directly related to the basic purpose of Islamic Sharia, which is to ensure the happiness of humanity in general, to protect human dignity and life, to encourage people to be an active element in this world, and to strive to develop the world entrusted to them by Allah. At the end of the research, the most important findings and suggestions that may contribute to a comprehensive examination of this important issue are stated. Keywords: Islamic Law, Fiqh, Rules, Purposes, Medical Issues.
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