Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa'nın Hayatı, Eserleri ve Nesâyihü'l-vüzerâ Ve'l- Umerâ'da Ahlak Tasavvuru
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2025
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Siyasetnameler her ne kadar siyasi, sosyal, idari yanı ağır basan bir yazım türü olsa da aslında bir toplumun değerler sistemini, yani neye iyi ya da kötü denileceğini gözler önüne seren eserlerdendir. Onların temel aldığı ahlaki ilkeler toplum ve devleti şekillendiren bir etkiye sahiptir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin XVI. yüzyılda girdiği bozulma süreciyle birlikte siyasetnameler ahlaki yönü daha ağır basan nasihatname türü ile kaynaşarak yeni bir yazım geleneği oluşturmuştur. Her ne kadar bu eserler ahlak ilminin kaynakları arasında zikredilse de Osmanlı siyasetnameleri üzerinden ahlak konusu yeteri kadar incelenmemiştir. Bu bağlamda, Osmanlı Siyasetname-nasihatname türünden eser verenlerden biri de tarihçi, devlet adamı ve düşünür Defterdar Sarı Hacı Mehmed Paşa'dır. Onun hayatı, eserleri ve kaleme aldığı 'Nesâyihü'l-vüzerâ ve'l-ümerâ'da ahlak tasavvuru bu tezin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu tez çözülme süreci Osmanlısında kaleme alınan 'Nesâyihü'l-vüzerâ ve'l-ümerâ' adlı eser üzerinden Defterdar Mehmed Paşa'nın ahlak tasavvurunu birey, toplum ve devlet ekseninde incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Defterdar Mehmed Paşa'nın eserinde ahlak anlayışı, içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede, başta İslam ve Osmanlı düşünürleri olmak üzere çeşitli ahlak ve siyasetname yazarlarının görüşleriyle mukayese edilmiştir. Metinler arası değerlendirmede karşılaştırma ve tartışma tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Defterdar Mehmed Paşa'nın biyografik anlatısında, onun düşün dünyasını şekillendiren zengin yaşam tecrübesi yansıtılmıştır. Ahlak kavramı ise XVI. yüzyıl Osmanlısında birey, toplum ve devlet kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede ahlak kavramının insan ve cemiyet ile olan ilişkisi padişah, veziriazam, devlet ricali, yeniçeri ocağı ve dâire-i adâlet kavramları göz önünde bulundurularak değerlendirilmiştir. Defterdar Mehmed Paşa, büyük oranda İslam Ahlak geleneğinin şekillendirdiği bir ahlak anlayışına sahiptir. Bununla birlikte devlet ahlakı bağlamında Türk düşünce geleneğinden yansımalar da bulunmaktadır. Defterdar Mehmed Paşa'da ahlak tasavvurunun, fizik ve metafizik boyutu içine alan, bireyin içte gerçekleşen niyetten eyleme kadar donandığı ve bu iyi hali yakın çevresinden başlayarak evrensel ölçekte bir etki ve sorumluluk düşüncesini barındırdığı, bütüncül bir ahlak anlayışı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyasetname, Defterdar Mehmed Paşa, ahlak, birey, toplum, devlet.
Siyasetnames, although generally characterized by a dominant focus on political, social, and administrative matters, are in fact works that reflect a society's system of values—what is considered good or bad. The moral principles upon which these works are based have a shaping influence on both society and the state. With the onset of the decline period of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, siyasetnames merged with the genre of nasihatname (books of moral advice), which placed greater emphasis on morality, thereby creating a new writing tradition. Even though such works are cited among the sources of moral philosophy, the issue of morality in Ottoman siyasetnames has not been sufficiently studied. In this context, one of the authors contributing to the Ottoman siyasetname-nasihatname tradition was historian, statesman, and thinker Defterdar Sarı Hacı Mehmed Pasha. His life, works, and his understanding of morality as expressed in his treatise Nasāʾiḥ al-wuzarāʾ wa al-umarāʾ form the subject of this thesis.This study aims to examine Defterdar Mehmed Pasha's conception of morality within the context of the individual, society, and the state, through his work Nasāʾiḥ al-wuzarāʾ wa al-umarāʾ, which was written during the Ottoman Empire's period of decline. His understanding of morality in the work is analyzed using content analysis methodology. In this framework, his views are compared with those of various moral and siyasetname authors, especially Islamic and Ottoman thinkers. Intertextual analysis involves the use of comparison and discussion techniques. In the biographical narrative of Defterdar Mehmed Pasha, his rich life experience, which shaped his intellectual world, is reflected. The concept of morality is examined in the context of the individual, society, and the state in the 16th-century Ottoman Empire. Within this framework, the relationship between morality and human society is evaluated with reference to the concepts of the sultan, grand vizier, state officials, the Janissary corps, and the circle of justice (dāʾirat al-ʿadl). Defterdar Mehmed Pasha's understanding of morality is largely shaped by the Islamic moral tradition. However, there are also reflections of the Turkish intellectual tradition in the context of state ethics. It has been concluded that Defterdar Mehmed Pasha's conception of morality is a holistic ethical understanding that encompasses both physical and metaphysical dimensions. This moral vision equips the individual from the internal realm of intention to the external realm of action, and includes the idea that this state of virtue should extend from one's immediate surroundings to a sense of responsibility and influence on a universal scale. Keywords: Siyasetname, Defterdar Mehmed Pasha, morality, individual, society, state.
Siyasetnames, although generally characterized by a dominant focus on political, social, and administrative matters, are in fact works that reflect a society's system of values—what is considered good or bad. The moral principles upon which these works are based have a shaping influence on both society and the state. With the onset of the decline period of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, siyasetnames merged with the genre of nasihatname (books of moral advice), which placed greater emphasis on morality, thereby creating a new writing tradition. Even though such works are cited among the sources of moral philosophy, the issue of morality in Ottoman siyasetnames has not been sufficiently studied. In this context, one of the authors contributing to the Ottoman siyasetname-nasihatname tradition was historian, statesman, and thinker Defterdar Sarı Hacı Mehmed Pasha. His life, works, and his understanding of morality as expressed in his treatise Nasāʾiḥ al-wuzarāʾ wa al-umarāʾ form the subject of this thesis.This study aims to examine Defterdar Mehmed Pasha's conception of morality within the context of the individual, society, and the state, through his work Nasāʾiḥ al-wuzarāʾ wa al-umarāʾ, which was written during the Ottoman Empire's period of decline. His understanding of morality in the work is analyzed using content analysis methodology. In this framework, his views are compared with those of various moral and siyasetname authors, especially Islamic and Ottoman thinkers. Intertextual analysis involves the use of comparison and discussion techniques. In the biographical narrative of Defterdar Mehmed Pasha, his rich life experience, which shaped his intellectual world, is reflected. The concept of morality is examined in the context of the individual, society, and the state in the 16th-century Ottoman Empire. Within this framework, the relationship between morality and human society is evaluated with reference to the concepts of the sultan, grand vizier, state officials, the Janissary corps, and the circle of justice (dāʾirat al-ʿadl). Defterdar Mehmed Pasha's understanding of morality is largely shaped by the Islamic moral tradition. However, there are also reflections of the Turkish intellectual tradition in the context of state ethics. It has been concluded that Defterdar Mehmed Pasha's conception of morality is a holistic ethical understanding that encompasses both physical and metaphysical dimensions. This moral vision equips the individual from the internal realm of intention to the external realm of action, and includes the idea that this state of virtue should extend from one's immediate surroundings to a sense of responsibility and influence on a universal scale. Keywords: Siyasetname, Defterdar Mehmed Pasha, morality, individual, society, state.
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