HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN ERKEN YÜZYILLARINDAKİ İSA TEOLOJİSİ TARTIŞMALARINDA ‘DİNAMİK MONARŞİYANİST’ AKIMA ÖZGÜ ‘MONOTEİST’ KRİSTOLOJİ ve BUNUN ‘EBİONİT’ KRİSTOLOJİYLE MUKAYESESİ
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Date
2018
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Abstract
Hıristiyanlığın "tevhit" anlayışı, Tanrı'yı "Baba","Oğul" ve "Kutsal Ruh" şeklinde üç ayrı hypostasisten ibaret gören "teslisçi" açılıma dayanmaktadır. Teslis hipotezi muhtemelen II. yüzyılla birlikte ortaya çıkmış ve bazı Hıristiyan ilahiyatçıların tepkilerine karşın büyük oranda IV. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlığın "ana akım" inancı haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, "Oğul" tabir ettiği Mesih'i ve ayrıca Kutsal Ruh'u tanrılaştıran teslis düşüncesine karşı II. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren ve yine Hıristiyanlık bünyesinde ortaya çıkan "gentiles" karakterli "monoteist" bazı reaksiyonlar, modern araştırmacılar tarafından "Monarşiyanizm" diye tanımlanmaktadır. Nitekim "Mesih" diye anılan İsa'yı Tanrı'nın tezahürü olarak görenler "Modalist (Şekilci) Monarşiyanistler", İsa'yı beşer addedenler ise "Dinamik (Adaptiyonist) Monarşiyanistler" biçiminde iki kategoride tasnif edilmişlerdir. Dinamik Monarşiyanistler "teslis" hipotezinin yalnızca "Baba" diye anılan şahsiyetinin "yüce" ve "eşsiz" Tanrı olduğuna inanmışlar, İsa ile Kutsal Ruh'u ise tanrısal bir mertebeye çıkarıp Tanrı'yla eşitlemekten sakınmışlardır. Bu kristoloji, İsa'ya "tanrı" olarak tapılmasını da kesin şekilde yasaklamıştır. Ancak bu akıma mensup ilahiyatçılar muhtelif tarihlerde toplanan çeşitli konsiller tarafından aforoz edilmişlerdir. Dinamik Monarşiyanizme has monoteist ilkelerin yine İsa'nın teslis dışı takipçilerinden Ebionitler ile bazı açılardan paralellik taşıdığı da anlaşılmaktadır
The monotheist understanding of Christianity is based on the trinitarian interpretation which presents God in three separate hypostases as “Father”, “Son” and “Holy Spirit”. The trinitarian hypothesis probably emerged in the 2nd century. Despite the reactions of some Christian theologians it substantially became the mainstream Christian theology in the 4th century. In this context, some monotheist and gentile-origin reactions from the late 2nd century on and also forming within Christian community against the trinitarian christology that deified the Son and the Holy Spirit are identified as Monarchianists by modern scholars. Thus those who knew Jesus the Messiah as a manifestation of God and those who knew him as only a human being are categorized into two separate groups with the names of Modalist and Dynamic Monarchianists. Dynamic Monarchianists believed that only the Father in the trinitarian belief is God the High and Almighty, they avoided divinity to Jesus or the Holy Spirit and they refrained from equalizing them with God. Dynamic Monarchianist christology also precisely prohibited the worship of Jesus as God. Nevertheless Dynamic Monarchianist theologians are anathematized by the councils that convened at different times. It is also understood that there were some similarities in monotheist principles between Dynamic Monarchianists and Ebionites which were a group of the followers of Jesus that did not adopt the idea of trinity
The monotheist understanding of Christianity is based on the trinitarian interpretation which presents God in three separate hypostases as “Father”, “Son” and “Holy Spirit”. The trinitarian hypothesis probably emerged in the 2nd century. Despite the reactions of some Christian theologians it substantially became the mainstream Christian theology in the 4th century. In this context, some monotheist and gentile-origin reactions from the late 2nd century on and also forming within Christian community against the trinitarian christology that deified the Son and the Holy Spirit are identified as Monarchianists by modern scholars. Thus those who knew Jesus the Messiah as a manifestation of God and those who knew him as only a human being are categorized into two separate groups with the names of Modalist and Dynamic Monarchianists. Dynamic Monarchianists believed that only the Father in the trinitarian belief is God the High and Almighty, they avoided divinity to Jesus or the Holy Spirit and they refrained from equalizing them with God. Dynamic Monarchianist christology also precisely prohibited the worship of Jesus as God. Nevertheless Dynamic Monarchianist theologians are anathematized by the councils that convened at different times. It is also understood that there were some similarities in monotheist principles between Dynamic Monarchianists and Ebionites which were a group of the followers of Jesus that did not adopt the idea of trinity
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Sosyal Bilimler, Disiplinler Arası
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Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
Volume
0
Issue
31
Start Page
329
End Page
343