Osmanlı'nın son döneminde ve Erken Cumhuriyet döneminde eğitim politikaları bağlamında Talas Amerikan Koleji
Date
2022
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Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Üç bölümden oluşan bu tez çalışması ile Türk eğitim tarihinin önemli dönem ve olayları daha objektif bir perspektifle yeniden yorumlanmak istenmiştir. İlk bölüm 1876-1909 arasına odaklanmıştır. II. Abdülhamit döneminin tartışmalı yönetim tarzı altında eğitim politikaları ve uygulamaları yeniden irdelenerek dönem yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. II. Abdülhamit, Batı tarzı birçok yeniliğe imza atmasına rağmen bu yenileşmenin eğitim alanında niçin amacına ulaşmadığı tarihi olaylar ve o dönemin şartlarıyla birlikte yeniden değerlendirilmek amaç edinilmiştir. Olabildiğince farklı kaynaklar ve farklı bakış açıları ile objektif ve gerçekçi bir sonuca ulaşmak asıl gaye olmuştur. Dönemin ana sorunlarından biri olan yabancı okulların ve faaliyetlerinin, İmparatorluğun bütünlüğü ve Müslüman tebaaya olan menfi etkilerinin yanında, olumlu yönlerine de değinilmiştir. Bu dönemde İslam'ın ideolojik olarak mevcut rejimin tüm dinamiklerine etki ettiği görülmüştür. Ancak II. Abdülhamit'in dönemin siyasi konjonktüründen dolayı emrivakilere ve mecburiyetlere maruz kaldığı da yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. II. Abdülhamit dönemini değerlendirirken bu noktaları da göz önünde tutmak, objektif sonuçlara ulaşmamız adına önemlidir. İkinci bölüm erken Cumhuriyet dönemi eğitim politikalarına odaklanmıştır. Yeni ulus-devlet inşa sürecinde eğitimin, yine ideolojik politika ve uygulamaların merkezine yerleştirildiği gösterilmek istenmiştir. Yeni ulus-devletinin, İslam yerine, 'ulus' merkezli oluşumu, bu oluşumunda Batı tarzı inkılap hareketleri ile desteklenmesi, 'eski' ye dair her şeyin yerini 'yeni' nin alması çalışmada önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Halkın yapılan yeniliklerde fikrinin alınmadığı ve tam olarak sürece dahil edilmediği, belirlenen sınırlarda tutularak bir kalıba sokulmak istendiği görülmüştür. Bu yönüyle II. Abdülhamit'in eleştirilen yönetim tarzının bir benzerinin de bu dönemde izlerine rastlanılmıştır. Nitekim halkın, demokratik olarak devlet yönetiminde sürece doğrudan katılımı ancak 1950'de olmuştur. Bu tarihe kadarda siyasi bir muhalefetten söz etmek pek mümkün olmamaktadır. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin fikri dinamikleri, yapılan yeniliklerde bu dinamiklerin yeri ve önemi tespit edilmiştir. Tarih ve tarih yazıcılığı ile dil ile ilgili uygulamaların önemine odaklanılmıştır. Tarih yazımında her ne kadar bağları koparılmak istense de birbirinin devamı olan; bir İmparatorluğun sonu ve yeni bir Devletin başlangıcı eğitim merkeze alınarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Dünya siyasi tarihinde birçok örneği olduğu üzere; iktidarların siyasi yapısını güçlendirmek ve devamlılığını sağlamak adına eğitimin ideolojik kullanımı bahsi geçen iki dönemde de izlerine rastlanılmıştır. Amerikalı Protestan misyonerlerin eğitim faaliyetlerinin Osmanlı Devleti'ne olumsuz etkilerinin yanı sıra olumlu etkileri ve ABD'nin nüfuzunu artırmak adına yaptıkları misyonerlik faaliyetleri üçüncü bölümün ana sorunlarından biridir. Ayrıca bu bölümde Talas Amerikan Koleji özelinde Amerikalı misyonerlerce açılan okulların sistemi, yapısı ve gelişimi genel olarak incelenmiştir. ABD'nin önde gelen misyoner kuruluşlarından ABCFM misyonerlerinin Osmanlı toplulukları üzerindeki misyonerlik faaliyetleri bu faaliyetlerin azınlık topluluklar özellikle de Ermeniler üzerindeki etkilerinin çok fazla olduğu tarihi bir vakıa olduğu görülmektedir.
With this thesis that compose of three parts, it was aimed to refocus on the important periods and events of Turkish education history with a more objective perspective. The first section focuses on the period 1876-1909. Under the controversial management style of Abdülhamit II period, education policies and practices were re-examined and the period was re-evaluated. Although Abdülhamit II made many Western-style novelties, it was aimed to re-evaluate, together with the historical events and the conditions of that period, why this innovation could not achieve its educational purpose. The main goal was to reach an objective and realistic result with as many different sources and different perspectives as possible. In addition to the negative effects of foreign schools and their activities, which were one of the main problems of the period on the integrity of the Empire and the Muslim people, the positive aspects were also mentioned. In this period, it was seen that Islam ideologically influenced all the dynamics of the current regime. However, it is an undeniable fact that Abdülhamit II, was exposed to fait accomplish, obligations and impossibilities due to the political conjuncture of the period. Keeping these points in mind is important for us to reach objective results while evaluating the Abdülhamit II period. The second part focuses on the education policies of the early Republican period. It is aimed to show that education is placed at the center of ideological policies and practices in the new nation-state building process. The formation of the new nation-state as 'nation' centered instead of Islam, its support with Western-style reform movements, and the replacement of everything 'old' by the 'new' have taken an important place in the study. It has been seen that the opinion of the public was not taken into account in the innovations made and they were not included in the process, and it was desired to put people into a mold by keeping them within the determined limits. In this aspect, traces of a similar management style of Abdülhamit II, which was criticized, were found in this period. As a matter of fact, the direct participation of the people in the process of democratic state administration only took place in 1950. The intellectual dynamics of the new nation-state, the place and importance of these dynamics in the innovations have been determined. Although it is desired to break their ties in historiography, they are the continuation of each other; the end of an Empire and the beginning of a new State were tried to be examined by focusing on education. As there are many examples in world political history, the ideological use of education in order to strengthen the political structure of the governments and ensure its continuity has been seen in both periods mentioned about. One of the main problems of the third part is the positive effects of American Protestant missioneries educational activities on the Ottoman Empire as well as their positive effects and their missionary activities to increase the influence of the USA. Moreover, the system, structure and development of the schools opened by American missionaries, in particular Talas American College, were generally examined in the section. It is seen that the missionary activities of ABCFM missionaries, one of the leading missionary organizations of the USA, on the Ottoman communities and the effects of these activities on the minority communities, especially up on theArmenians is a historical fact.
With this thesis that compose of three parts, it was aimed to refocus on the important periods and events of Turkish education history with a more objective perspective. The first section focuses on the period 1876-1909. Under the controversial management style of Abdülhamit II period, education policies and practices were re-examined and the period was re-evaluated. Although Abdülhamit II made many Western-style novelties, it was aimed to re-evaluate, together with the historical events and the conditions of that period, why this innovation could not achieve its educational purpose. The main goal was to reach an objective and realistic result with as many different sources and different perspectives as possible. In addition to the negative effects of foreign schools and their activities, which were one of the main problems of the period on the integrity of the Empire and the Muslim people, the positive aspects were also mentioned. In this period, it was seen that Islam ideologically influenced all the dynamics of the current regime. However, it is an undeniable fact that Abdülhamit II, was exposed to fait accomplish, obligations and impossibilities due to the political conjuncture of the period. Keeping these points in mind is important for us to reach objective results while evaluating the Abdülhamit II period. The second part focuses on the education policies of the early Republican period. It is aimed to show that education is placed at the center of ideological policies and practices in the new nation-state building process. The formation of the new nation-state as 'nation' centered instead of Islam, its support with Western-style reform movements, and the replacement of everything 'old' by the 'new' have taken an important place in the study. It has been seen that the opinion of the public was not taken into account in the innovations made and they were not included in the process, and it was desired to put people into a mold by keeping them within the determined limits. In this aspect, traces of a similar management style of Abdülhamit II, which was criticized, were found in this period. As a matter of fact, the direct participation of the people in the process of democratic state administration only took place in 1950. The intellectual dynamics of the new nation-state, the place and importance of these dynamics in the innovations have been determined. Although it is desired to break their ties in historiography, they are the continuation of each other; the end of an Empire and the beginning of a new State were tried to be examined by focusing on education. As there are many examples in world political history, the ideological use of education in order to strengthen the political structure of the governments and ensure its continuity has been seen in both periods mentioned about. One of the main problems of the third part is the positive effects of American Protestant missioneries educational activities on the Ottoman Empire as well as their positive effects and their missionary activities to increase the influence of the USA. Moreover, the system, structure and development of the schools opened by American missionaries, in particular Talas American College, were generally examined in the section. It is seen that the missionary activities of ABCFM missionaries, one of the leading missionary organizations of the USA, on the Ottoman communities and the effects of these activities on the minority communities, especially up on theArmenians is a historical fact.
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Keywords
Tarih, History, Etnik ulusçuluk, Ethnic nationalism, Misyonerlik, Missionary, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Protestanlık, Protestantism
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168