Synthesis and Characterization of Branched Magnetic Dextran with Carboxyl Group for Drug Delivery System

Abstract

Cancer is called bad urine, which is seen when an organ or tissue cells divide and multiply irregularly. It is among the major causes of death and rapidly increasing all over the world. Latest statistical information based on the number of cancer patients in the world is pointed out that more than 15 million in 2020 (World Cancer Research Fund, 2013). Such measure against a disease that threatens the world health and initiation of treatment is sometimes insufficient. Hence scientists were forced to develop new treatments. It has endemic and high mortality rates which is applied treatment methods usually chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in this disease. Chemotherapy is used one of the most methods in cancer treatment. One of the most important problems of cancer chemotherapy nowadays is used that the anti-cancer drugs do not have the ability to recognize cancer cells and show toxic effects on healthy cells 1,2,3. In addition, administration of high doses of the drug is given to the body to provide a therapeutic dose concentration, this situation is causes severe side effects and systemic toxicity, and if not controlled it can result in death. Therefore, delivering the drug to target cell within the body and developing of drug delivery system providing controlled release are of great importance. In recent years, the development of the systems in which drug is delivered magnetically to the target is drawing considerable attention since it is a current issue. It is possible to eliminate the most of the problems caused by high doses of chemotherapy by using the magnetic drug delivery systems. However, in some studies in the literature, it is seen that toxicity increase in nanoparticle applications above a certain concentration even in the magnetic drug delivery systems. Therefore, it is important to design delivery systems with high drug loading capacity. The design of magnetic drug delivery systems is require consideration of several factors including magnetic properties, particle size and drug loading capacity. It is necessary to increase the number of reactive groups on the surface of nanoparticles in order to increase drug loading capacity. The polymeric nanoparticles comparison with structure of kollaidal carrier they brought together more stable in biological fluids, the polymeric structures to be more tightly controlled to provide sustained drug release and some of the advantages of polymer. In recent years that can be especially biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles implemented to in drug delivery targeted organ or tissue and can be used as DNA carriers in gene therapy take of attention. The nanoparticles can be used to purpose of drug delivery that owner physico-chemical properties such as hyperthermia property, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feature can view the body, biocompatibility, particle size, toxicity, surface charge, drug adsorption capacity, surface hydrophobicity, loading ratio, release kinetics and stability, It can be evaluated 4,5. The original value of this study can develop an alternative solution to studies on controlled drug release systems which is to solve problems arising from cancer chemotherapy. Polymer coated nanocarrier have the ability to be targeted to the desired site by the magnetic field applied from outside. In contrast to conventional chemotherapy, this method can only interfere with tumor cells and reduce the effect of the drug on healthy cells 6,7. For this purpose, dextran was used as biocompatible and biodegradable polymer to have suitable magnetic, chemical and physical properties for use in biomedical applications and magnetic targeting. In addition, branched magnetic dextran was synthesized by using magnetic O-carboxymethyl dextran and NαNα-Bis (carboxymethyl) -L-lysine hydrate (NTA) in order to increase the number of reactive carboxyl groups on the surface of magnetic dextran8,9,10,11,12 and synthesized branched magnetic dextran was characterized by different analytical techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering Spectrometer (DLS), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). EDX, XPS, SEM, TEM, FTIR, DLS and VSM analysis techniques were used for elemental analysis, size and surface morphology, structural analysis and magnetic properties.