Şevkânî'ye göre icmâin kaynak değeri
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Date
2022
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Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Şevkânî, Yemen'de Zeydî ilim ortamında yetişmiş önemli simalardan biridir. Bununla birlikte fıkıh ve fıkıh usûlünde geleneğin aksine özgün düşünceler ortaya koymakla adından söz ettiren bir âlimdir. Onun, fıkhın temel kaynakları arasında genellikle üçüncü sırada yer alan icmâ deliline yaklaşımı ve önceki usûlcülerin anlayışına muhalefet etmesi, bu alandaki özgünlüğünün bir göstergesidir. Bu yönünün ortaya çıkarılmasını amaç edinen çalışmamız, giriş ve iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Şevkânî'nin hayatı, eserleri, ilmî şahsiyeti ve yaşadığı dönemin siyasî, dinî ve sosyal durumları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise İrşâdü'l-fuhûl adlı eseri merkeze alınmış ve başta Zeydiyye mezhebi olmak üzere Ehl-i sünnet, Ca'feriyye, Mu'tezile mezhepleri ve çağdaş âlimlerin düşünceleriyle mukayeseye gidilerek Şevkânî'ye göre icmâın tanımı, senedi, icmâ ehliyeti, şer'î kaynak oluşu hakkında tartışılan hususlar ve kaynak değeri gibi usûl konular irdelenmiştir. Bu mukayese sonucu, etkilendiği ve etkilediği âlimlerin düşünceleri de serdedilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Şevkânî'nin usûlcülerin benimsediği icmâ anlayışına karşı duruşu ve yaptığı eleştirileri delilleriyle birlikte irdelenmiş, ayrıca sahâbe icmâı özelinde belirsiz kalan düşünceleri de sahâbe kavli ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Aynı şekilde bu bölümde Zeydî usûlcülerin, hâs icmâ olarak ifade ettikleri "Ehl-i beyt icmâı" hakkında dile getirdikleri deliller değerlendirilmiş, bu çerçevede bu ve benzeri özel icmâlara karşı tutumu açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak da Şevkânî'nin usûldeki icmâ anlayışı ile fıkhî meselelerde kullanmış olduğu icmâ delili arasındaki uyum aranarak hadis ve fıkıh eserlerindeki icmâ terimleri ve icmâ çeşitleri incelenmiştir.
Shawkani is one of the important figures who grew up in the Zaidi science environment in Yemen. In addition to this, he became one of the scholars who made a name for himself by putting forward original ideas in fiqh and fiqh method contrary to tradition. His approach to the evidence of ijma, which is generally the third among the main resources of fiqh, and his opposition to the previous methodologists are an indication of his originality in this area. Our study, which aims to reveal this aspect, consists of an introduction and two main parts. In the first part, information is given about Shawkani's life, works, scientific personality and the political, religious and social situations of the period in which he lived. In the second part, his work called Irshâdü'l-fuhûl was centered and compared with the thoughts of the Zaydiyya sect, Ahl as-sunna, Ca'ferisim, Mu'tazile sects and contemporary scholars, the definition of ijma according to Shawkani, its deed, ijma qualification, shar'i theoretical issues such as the antecedents that prepare the source and the value of the source are examined. As a result of this comparison, the thoughts of the scholars who were influenced and impressed by him were also revealed. In this context, Shawkani 's stance against the understanding of ijma adopted by the methodologists and his criticisms were examined together with the evidences, and his thoughts that remained unclear regarding the ijma of the Companions were clarified together with the Companions's uttarance. Likewise, in this section, the evidences expressed by the Zaydi scholars about the "Ahl al-bayt's ijma", which they refer to as pure ijma, are evaluated, and in this context, their attitude towards special ijmâ's such as the silent ijma is tried to be explained. In conclusion, the terms of ijma and the types of ijma in hadith and fiqh works were examined by seeking the harmony between Shawkani's procedural ijma and the ijma evidence he used in fiqh issues.
Shawkani is one of the important figures who grew up in the Zaidi science environment in Yemen. In addition to this, he became one of the scholars who made a name for himself by putting forward original ideas in fiqh and fiqh method contrary to tradition. His approach to the evidence of ijma, which is generally the third among the main resources of fiqh, and his opposition to the previous methodologists are an indication of his originality in this area. Our study, which aims to reveal this aspect, consists of an introduction and two main parts. In the first part, information is given about Shawkani's life, works, scientific personality and the political, religious and social situations of the period in which he lived. In the second part, his work called Irshâdü'l-fuhûl was centered and compared with the thoughts of the Zaydiyya sect, Ahl as-sunna, Ca'ferisim, Mu'tazile sects and contemporary scholars, the definition of ijma according to Shawkani, its deed, ijma qualification, shar'i theoretical issues such as the antecedents that prepare the source and the value of the source are examined. As a result of this comparison, the thoughts of the scholars who were influenced and impressed by him were also revealed. In this context, Shawkani 's stance against the understanding of ijma adopted by the methodologists and his criticisms were examined together with the evidences, and his thoughts that remained unclear regarding the ijma of the Companions were clarified together with the Companions's uttarance. Likewise, in this section, the evidences expressed by the Zaydi scholars about the "Ahl al-bayt's ijma", which they refer to as pure ijma, are evaluated, and in this context, their attitude towards special ijmâ's such as the silent ijma is tried to be explained. In conclusion, the terms of ijma and the types of ijma in hadith and fiqh works were examined by seeking the harmony between Shawkani's procedural ijma and the ijma evidence he used in fiqh issues.
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Din, Religion, Din, Religion
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178