Biyoiktidar, ulus-devlet ve Türkiye'de ulus inşası
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Date
2021
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Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Bu çalışma, Michel Foucault'nun geliştirdiği "biyoiktidar" kavramı ile "modern ulus-devlet"ler arasında, düşünürün kendisinin de göz ardı ettiği bir ilişki olduğu savına dayanmaktadır. Biyoiktidar, 18. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru "disiplin" ve "biyopolitika" tekniklerinin bir araya gelmesi ile hükümranlığın klasik iktidarına karşı güçlenen, insan yaşamını bireysel ve kolektif düzeyde sahiplenen, modern bir iktidardır. Biyoiktidar, görünen yüzünde yaşatır ve yaşattıkça güçlenir; diğer yandan Janus'un gizli yüzünde "devlet ırkçılığı"na dönüşerek toplumu ayrıştırır ve bazı yaşamları tereddüt etmeden sonlandırır. Ancak biyoiktidarın faili kimdir? Foucault, belli belirsiz devleti işaret etse de biyoiktidarın failinin kim olduğu net değildir. "Ulus-devlet"; biyoiktidar ile yaklaşık aynı zaman aralığında (18. yüzyıl ve sonrası) ortaya çıkmış, mutlakıyet yönetimlerinin yerini alarak güçlenen modern devlet modelidir. Mutlakıyet yönetiminde sınırsız bir iktidara sahip olan hükümdar, kutsal yasayı kendi varlığında temsil eden egemenliğin kaynağıdır. Ulus-devlet örgütlenmesi ile birlikte egemenlik, hükümdarın bedeninden halka geçmiş, tebaa "ulus"a dönüşmüştür. Beşeri ve pozitif bilimlerdeki ilerlemeler ile yeni yönetim tekniklerinin gelişmesi, devletin toplumsal alana ve insanların biyolojik varlığına müdahalesini olanaklı kılan gelişmelerdir. Bu anlamda ulus-devletlerin homojen, sağlıklı ve güçlü bir nüfus yaratmak amacıyla kullandıkları stratejiler, Foucault'nun biyoiktidar kavramına karşılık gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada vurgulanan, her ikisi de modern kavramlar olan "biyoiktidar ile ulus-devlet" arasındaki ilişkidir.
This study is based on the argument that there is a relationship between the concept of "biopower" and "modern nation-states", which Michel Foucault developed, even ignored by Foucault. Biopower is a modern power that has strengthened against the classical power of sovereignty with the combination of "discipline" and "biopolitics" techniques towards the end of the 18th century and that embraces human life on an individual and collective level. Biopower keeps it alive on the face of it and gets stronger as it keeps it alive; On the other hand, it turns into "state racism" in the hidden face of Janus, dividing the society and ending some lives without hesitation. Who is the perpetrator of biopower? Although Foucault vaguely points to the state, it is not clear who is the perpetrator of biopower. "Nation-state"; It is a modern state model that emerged at about the same time as biopower (18th century and later) and became stronger by replacing absolutist governments. The ruler, who has unlimited power in absolutist governments, is the source of sovereignty, representing the holy law in his own existence. With the nation-state organization, sovereignty has passed from the body of the ruler to the people, and the subject has turned into a "nation". Advances in humanities and positive sciences and the development of new management techniques are developments that make it possible for the state to intervene in the social sphere and the biological existence of people. In this sense, the strategies used by nation-states to create a homogeneous, healthy and strong population correspond to Foucault's concept of biopower. What is emphasized in this study is the relationship between "biopower and the nation-state", both of which are modern concepts.
This study is based on the argument that there is a relationship between the concept of "biopower" and "modern nation-states", which Michel Foucault developed, even ignored by Foucault. Biopower is a modern power that has strengthened against the classical power of sovereignty with the combination of "discipline" and "biopolitics" techniques towards the end of the 18th century and that embraces human life on an individual and collective level. Biopower keeps it alive on the face of it and gets stronger as it keeps it alive; On the other hand, it turns into "state racism" in the hidden face of Janus, dividing the society and ending some lives without hesitation. Who is the perpetrator of biopower? Although Foucault vaguely points to the state, it is not clear who is the perpetrator of biopower. "Nation-state"; It is a modern state model that emerged at about the same time as biopower (18th century and later) and became stronger by replacing absolutist governments. The ruler, who has unlimited power in absolutist governments, is the source of sovereignty, representing the holy law in his own existence. With the nation-state organization, sovereignty has passed from the body of the ruler to the people, and the subject has turned into a "nation". Advances in humanities and positive sciences and the development of new management techniques are developments that make it possible for the state to intervene in the social sphere and the biological existence of people. In this sense, the strategies used by nation-states to create a homogeneous, healthy and strong population correspond to Foucault's concept of biopower. What is emphasized in this study is the relationship between "biopower and the nation-state", both of which are modern concepts.
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Biyoiktidar, hükümranlık iktidarı, ulus, devlet, ulus-devlet, Biopower, power of sovereignty, nation, state, nation state, Siyasal Bilimler, Political Science
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1
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174