GC–MS and LC–MS/MS-Based Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactivities of Salvia Montbretii and S. Hydrangea: Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Enzyme Inhibitory Potential

Abstract

Salvia species are valuable natural resources due to their rich essential oils and bioactive compounds with applications in medicine, food, and cosmetics. In this study, essential oils and aroma components of S. montbretii and S. hydrangea were analyzed using GC–MS/FID and headspace GC–MS. Terpenoids were identified by GC–MS, while phenolic and flavonoid compounds were quantified by LC–MS/MS. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacities, and enzyme inhibitory activities were also evaluated. Caryophyllene was the dominant compound in S. montbretii essential oil and aroma samples, and camphor in S. hydrangea. GC–MS results indicated high levels of ursolic (54,675.22–1583.23 μg/g) and oleanolic acids (100,567.85–2592.11 μg/g), while LC–MS/MS revealed abundant rosmarinic acid (up to 27,0857–587.85 μg/g). All extracts exhibited moderate to strong antioxidant activities and notable inhibitory effects against urease and cholinesterase. Cytotoxic effects were observed on colon (Caco-2) and ovarian (SkOV3) cancer cell lines, along with toxicity in healthy cells (PDF). In conclusion, S. montbretii and S. hydrangea may serve as potential natural sources for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications; however, detailed safety and dosage assessments are required prior to practical use due to the observed cytotoxic effects. © 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.