OSMANLI-İRAN ARASINDA BİR REKABET VE NÜFUZ ALANI: İMAM MUSA KÂZIM TÜRBESİ
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2022
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Abstract
Osmanlı-İran ilişkilerinin geçmişten gelen mücadele ve rekabet alanlarından en önemlisi Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altındaki topraklarda bulunan ve Şiilerce kutsal sayılan Atebât-ı âliyât denilen Kerbelâ, Necef, Sâmerrâ ve Kâzımiye şehirlerindeki ziyaretgâhlardı. Başta Bağdat olmak üzere adı geçen şehirler coğrafi ve stratejik konumlarının yanı sıra barındırdıkları İslam büyüklerinin mezar ve türbeleri nedeniyle İslam tarihinde Şii ve Sünni Müslümanların ilgi odağı oldu. İranlıların Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki bu mekânlara yoğun ilgileri ve imar faaliyetlerinde bulunma istekleri çeşitli problemlerin yaşanmasına neden oldu. Özellikle Kâzımiye’deki İmam Musa Kâzım Türbesi’ni sahiplenme amaçlı tadilat ve eklemeler iki tarafı karşı karşıya getirdi. Bu makalede, İmam Musa Kâzım Türbesi’nde yapılmak istenen tadilat ve eklemeler mercek altına alınmış ve buraya gelen Şii ziyaretçilerin ve İranlıların ilgisinin Osmanlı-İran ilişkilerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla adı geçen ziyaretgâhları sahiplenmedeki rekabetin temelinde dini, mezhebi, siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal hangi faktörlerin etkili olduğunun, İran ve Osmanlı devlet adamlarının türbelere ve mukaddes mekânlara ilgilerinin ve Osmanlı’nın buradaki mülkî hâkimiyet konusundaki hassasiyetinin ve endişelerinin nedenleri sorgulanmıştır. Osmanlı’nın, İran’la ilişkileri bozmayacak, Şiileri de küstürmeyecek şekilde adı geçen mekânları sahiplendiğini iddia eden bu makale, 19. yüzyılda Atebât şehirleri ve özellikle Bağdat’ta bulunan İmam Musa Kâzım türbesi etrafında iki ülke arasında ortaya çıkan nüfuz rekabetini arşiv belgeleri ışığında ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır.
The most important areas of struggle and rivalry of Ottoman-Iranian relations from the past are the pilgrimage sites in the cities of Karbala, Najaf, Sāmarrāʾ, and Kāzimiyya, called al-Atabāt alʿalīyāt (the holy shrines of imams), which are located in the lands under Ottoman rule and considered sacred by Shiites. The cities mentioned, especially Baghdad, have been the focus of attention of Shiite and Sunni Muslims in the history of Islam, due to their geographical and strategic location as well as the tombs of the Islamic elders. The intense interest of the Iranians in these places under Ottoman rule and their desire to engage in zoning activities cause various problems. In particular, renovations and additions aimed at owning the tomb of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim have brought the two sides face to face. In the article, the renovations and additions to the tomb of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim are examined and the effect of the interest of Shiite visitors and Iranians on Ottoman-Iranian relations is explored. For this purpose, it has been questioned which religious, sectarian, political, economic and social factors are effective on the basis of the rivalry in the ownership of the aforementioned pilgrimage sites, the reasons of the interest of Iranian and Ottoman statesmen in tombs and holy places, and the sensitivity and concerns of the Ottoman state regarding the territorial dominance there. This study, which claims that the Ottoman administration owned the places mentioned in a way that would not disrupt relations with Iran and not offend the Shiites, tries to show the influential rivalry between the two countries around the cities of al-Atabāt al-ʿalīyāt under Ottoman rule in the 19th century, and especially around the tomb of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim in Baghdad, in the light of archival documents.
The most important areas of struggle and rivalry of Ottoman-Iranian relations from the past are the pilgrimage sites in the cities of Karbala, Najaf, Sāmarrāʾ, and Kāzimiyya, called al-Atabāt alʿalīyāt (the holy shrines of imams), which are located in the lands under Ottoman rule and considered sacred by Shiites. The cities mentioned, especially Baghdad, have been the focus of attention of Shiite and Sunni Muslims in the history of Islam, due to their geographical and strategic location as well as the tombs of the Islamic elders. The intense interest of the Iranians in these places under Ottoman rule and their desire to engage in zoning activities cause various problems. In particular, renovations and additions aimed at owning the tomb of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim have brought the two sides face to face. In the article, the renovations and additions to the tomb of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim are examined and the effect of the interest of Shiite visitors and Iranians on Ottoman-Iranian relations is explored. For this purpose, it has been questioned which religious, sectarian, political, economic and social factors are effective on the basis of the rivalry in the ownership of the aforementioned pilgrimage sites, the reasons of the interest of Iranian and Ottoman statesmen in tombs and holy places, and the sensitivity and concerns of the Ottoman state regarding the territorial dominance there. This study, which claims that the Ottoman administration owned the places mentioned in a way that would not disrupt relations with Iran and not offend the Shiites, tries to show the influential rivalry between the two countries around the cities of al-Atabāt al-ʿalīyāt under Ottoman rule in the 19th century, and especially around the tomb of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim in Baghdad, in the light of archival documents.
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Keywords
Yakınçağ Tarihi, Osmanlı-İran İlişkileri, Atebât-ı âliyât, Kâzımiye, İmam Musa Kâzım Türbesi, Contemporary History, Ottoman-Iranian Relations, al-Atabāt al-ʿalīyāt, Kāzimiyya, Tomb of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim.
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101
Start Page
249
End Page
268
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https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128947866&origin=SingleRecordEmailAlert&dgcid=raven_sc_affil_en_us_email&txGid=f61c59c9079ac43d8aef2b5341f47a78&featureToggles=FEATURE_NEW_DOC_DETAILS_EXPORT:1
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/3072
https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/1127296/osmanli-iran-arasinda-bir-rekabet-ve-nufuz-alani-imam-musa-kazim-turbesi
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/3072
https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/1127296/osmanli-iran-arasinda-bir-rekabet-ve-nufuz-alani-imam-musa-kazim-turbesi