Emergence of the Anti-Kemalist Movement in the South Marmara: Governor of Izmit Cule Ibrahim Hakki Bey and the Circassian Congress

dc.contributor.author Yelbasi, Caner
dc.date.accessioned 2019-05-28T12:51:35Z
dc.date.accessioned 2025-09-17T14:28:35Z
dc.date.available 2019-05-28T12:51:35Z
dc.date.available 2025-09-17T14:28:35Z
dc.date.issued 2020
dc.description Yelbasi, Caner/0000-0002-5234-3959 en_US
dc.description.abstract The civil war between the Ankara and Ottoman governments between 1920 and 1921 deepened the split among bureaucrats and the military, the two parties supporting the rival governments. After attaining military power, Ankara expanded its control almost to Istanbul, arresting or coercing those statesman who had previously sided with the Ottoman government. The Governor of Izmit, cule Ibrahim Hakki Bey, was one of these. His activities over a few short years completely altered Ankara's policy towards the Circassians of the South Marmara region. His aim was to establish a society based on the self-determination rights espoused under Wilsonian Principles, to enable the Circassians to elevate their national aspirations. This article firstly examines the motivations of the anti-nationalist Circassians, particularly discussing the activities of cule Ibrahim Hakki Bey. Secondly it demonstrates how the anti-nationalists established an association, sought foreign support and declared their independence from both the nationalist government of Ankara and the Ottoman government of Istanbul. en_US
dc.identifier.doi 10.1080/19448953.2018.1506297
dc.identifier.issn 1944-8961
dc.identifier.issn 1944-8953
dc.identifier.scopus 2-s2.0-85054877583
dc.identifier.uri https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2018.1506297
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/9721
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd en_US
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess en_US
dc.title Emergence of the Anti-Kemalist Movement in the South Marmara: Governor of Izmit Cule Ibrahim Hakki Bey and the Circassian Congress en_US
dc.type Article en_US
dspace.entity.type Publication

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