How Do Crop And Livestock Production Affect Carbon Emissions? Empirical Evidence From Türkiye

Abstract

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to reveal the role of agricultural activities on environmental quality by analysing the effects of renewable energy use, trade openness, gross domestic product and crop and livestock production on CO<inf>2</inf> emissions in Türkiye for the period 1980-2022. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the study, the ARDL bounds test approach, known for providing reliable results even in small samples, is employed to examine the factors affecting CO<inf>2</inf> emissions and to reveal the model’s short and long-run relationships. During the analysis process, the stationarity of the variables is first evaluated with ADF and PP tests, and then long-term relationships is determined. The reliability of the model is verified with various diagnostic tests, and the effects of the variables on CO<inf>2</inf> emissions is revealed. Findings: The ARDL test results indicate that there is a long-run cointegration relationship between the variables. According to the calculated long-run coefficient results, renewable energy consumption, crop production and livestock production have a decreasing effect on CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. On the other hand, gross domestic product and urbanisation are determined as factors that increase CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Originality/Value: It is noteworthy that studies on the impact of crop and livestock production on CO<inf>2</inf> emissions in Türkiye are limited. It is estimated that the inclusion of factors such as renewable energy, GDP per capita and urbanisation in the model will provide a projection for both the literature and policy recommendations for improving environmental quality in Türkiye. © 2025, Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics. All rights reserved.