Alman Oryantalizmi ve İslami Dönem Fars Edebiyatı: Bir Literal Geçişkenlik Örneği Olarak Josef von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856)
Date
2019
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Abstract
Avrupa‘da İslami dönem Fars dili, kültür ve edebiyatına duyulan ilginin tarihi oldukça
eski bir geleneğe dayanmaktadır. Çeviri hareketleri bağlamında düşünüldüğünde
İslami dönem Fars edebiyatının Avrupa ile metinsel temasının 17. yüzyılda başladığı
söylenebilir. Coğrafya ve kültüre duyulan yakın ilgi seyyahların dil ve edebiyata
ilgisini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu dönemde birçok Alman seyyah Safevi ülkesine
seyahat etmiş ve tarih, kültür, dil ve İslami dönem Fars edebiyat üzerine geniş bilgiler
toplayarak bunları Batı’ya aktarmıştır.
1634 yılında Fars edebiyatı klasiklerinden olan Şeyh Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî’nin Gülistan
adlı eseri Fransız oryantalist André du Ryer (1580-1660) tarafından Fransızcaya
çevrilmiştir. Friedrich Ochsenbach (1606–1658), söz konusu çeviriyi 1636 yılında
Fransızcadan Gulistan, das ist, Königlicher Rosengarten/Gülistan, Kraliyet Gül Bahçesi
başlığı ile Almancaya çevirmiştir. Safevi ülkesinde medreselerde Farsça öğrenerek
Sa‘dî’nin eserleri ile tanışmış olan Adam Olearius/Ölschläger (1600–1671), Almanya’ya
döndükten sonra Safevi elçisinin yardımıyla Gülistan’ı 1654 yılında Persianische
Rosenthal/Fars Güller Vadisi adıyla Almancaya çevirmiştir. 18. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru
Avrupa’da Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî ve Şeyh Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî gibi İslami dönem Fars şairlerinden
Batı dillerine yapılan edebi metin çevirilerdeki artış oryantalistlerden şairlere kadar
Almanca konuşulan dünyada da etkisini göstermiştir. Bu zaman dilimi Doğu ve Batı
arasında ilişkide bir dönüm noktası olarak düşünülebilir. 19. yüzyılın ise ilk yıllarında
diplomat, seyyah, tüccar ve oryantalistlerin yaptıkları çeviriler ile başlayan ve gelişen
edebî oryantalizm Almanca konuşulan dünyada Doğu’dan Batı’ya bir Fars şiiri çeviri
külliyatı bırakmıştır. Söz konusu külliyatın oluşumunda oldukça önemli bir yerde
duran Avusturyalı oryantalist Josef von Hammer-Purgstall (1774-1856), Vinzenz
Rosenzweig von Schwannau (1791-1865), Valentin von Huszár (1788-1850), Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Friedrich Rückert (1788-1866) ve August von
Platen (1796-1835) gibi aydınlanmacı, klasik ve romantik akımdan ve birçok düşünür
şair ve oryantalistin Fars dili ve şiirine ilgi duymalarında önemli bir etki bırakmıştır.
Hammer-Purgstall’ın İslami dönem Fars şiiri çevirilerinden literal bir ağ yarattığınıiddia eden bu çalışma, onun çevirilerinin Alman edebi oryantalizminin inşa ve kurumsallaşmasında nasıl bir rol oynadığını
incelemektedir
The interest in Persian language, culture and literature in the Islamic period in Europe dates back to a very old tradition. From the point of view of the translation activities, it can be said that the textual contact with the Persian literature in the Islamic Europe began in the 17th century. Due to their strong interest in geography and culture, travelers began to concern themselves with language and literature. During this period, many Germans travelled to the lands of the Safavids. They gathered extensive knowledge about history, culture, language and Persian literature in the Islamic period, and transferred it to the West. In 1634, the French orientalist André du Ryer (1580-1660) translated into French Sheikh Saadi’s Gulistan/The Rose Garden, which is considered to be one of the classics of Persian literature. In 1636, Friedrich Ochsenbach (1606–1658) translated this work from French into German under the title of Gulistan, das ist, Königlicher Rosengarten/Gulistan, Royal Rose Garden. Adam Olearius (Ölschläger 1600-1671), who learned Persian in the Safavid madrasas, became acquainted with the works of Saadi. After his return to Germany, he enlisted the help of the Persian ambassador, and in the year 1654, translated Gulistan into German under the title Persianisches Rosenthal/Valley of the Persian Roses. During the latter part of the 18th century, the increase of translation activities of literary texts of the Persian poets from the Islamic period, such as Hafez Shirazi and Sheikh Saadi-i Shirazi into Western languages in Europe had an impact on German-speaking orientalists and poets. This period can be considered as a turning point in the relationship between Orient and Occident. The early years of the 19th century, literary Orientalism, which began and developed with the translation of diplomats, travelers, traders and orientalists, left a corpus of Persian poetry to the German-speaking world. The Austrian Orientalist Josef von HammerPurgstall (1774-1856) occupies an important place in the formation of this corpus. Hammer-Purgstall’s translations made Persian poetry available to classical and romantic thinkers, poets and orientalists. This article has two aims; to show that Hammer-Purgstall created a literal network with his translations from Persian poetry in the Islamic period, and to determine how great a role his translations played in the construction and institutionalization of German literary orientalism.
The interest in Persian language, culture and literature in the Islamic period in Europe dates back to a very old tradition. From the point of view of the translation activities, it can be said that the textual contact with the Persian literature in the Islamic Europe began in the 17th century. Due to their strong interest in geography and culture, travelers began to concern themselves with language and literature. During this period, many Germans travelled to the lands of the Safavids. They gathered extensive knowledge about history, culture, language and Persian literature in the Islamic period, and transferred it to the West. In 1634, the French orientalist André du Ryer (1580-1660) translated into French Sheikh Saadi’s Gulistan/The Rose Garden, which is considered to be one of the classics of Persian literature. In 1636, Friedrich Ochsenbach (1606–1658) translated this work from French into German under the title of Gulistan, das ist, Königlicher Rosengarten/Gulistan, Royal Rose Garden. Adam Olearius (Ölschläger 1600-1671), who learned Persian in the Safavid madrasas, became acquainted with the works of Saadi. After his return to Germany, he enlisted the help of the Persian ambassador, and in the year 1654, translated Gulistan into German under the title Persianisches Rosenthal/Valley of the Persian Roses. During the latter part of the 18th century, the increase of translation activities of literary texts of the Persian poets from the Islamic period, such as Hafez Shirazi and Sheikh Saadi-i Shirazi into Western languages in Europe had an impact on German-speaking orientalists and poets. This period can be considered as a turning point in the relationship between Orient and Occident. The early years of the 19th century, literary Orientalism, which began and developed with the translation of diplomats, travelers, traders and orientalists, left a corpus of Persian poetry to the German-speaking world. The Austrian Orientalist Josef von HammerPurgstall (1774-1856) occupies an important place in the formation of this corpus. Hammer-Purgstall’s translations made Persian poetry available to classical and romantic thinkers, poets and orientalists. This article has two aims; to show that Hammer-Purgstall created a literal network with his translations from Persian poetry in the Islamic period, and to determine how great a role his translations played in the construction and institutionalization of German literary orientalism.
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Keywords
Josef von Hammer-Purgstall, Alman oryantalizmi, Farsça, Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî, Şeyh Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî, çeviri, Josef von Hammer-Purgstall, German orientalism, Persian, Hafez Shirazi, Sheikh Saadi Shirazi, translation
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Source
Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi - Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur
Volume
1
Issue
42
Start Page
57
End Page
76