Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi

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The Architectural Features of Traditional Pavilions in Mardin - Southeastern Anatolia
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ACADEMIC RESEARCH, 2012) Çağlayan, Murat
The historic city centre of Mardin, in southeastern Turkey, is recognised for its architectural and cultural richness. Scope of this study, the architectural features of 24 pavilions, located in the Bakirkiri and Zinnar Valleys, which lie 2–15 km away from the city centre of Mardin, were examined. In this study, pavilions are specifically defined as “individual summer houses in the countryside in open areas or among vineyards and orchards”. The traditional pavilions of Mardin, which reflect the prominent architectural features and social life of the period during which they were constructed, were used as summer residences and for the cultivation of crops. The results of the study reveal that the design of traditional Mardin pavilions successfully incorporated the element of water by taking topography and climatic data into consideration, that these structures contained a central iwan with a selsebil as the main element and that regional materials were used in their construction.
The art and architecture of Chora Monastery in comparison with its East European and Italian contemporaries
(WIT Press, 2012) Ataş, Zeynep
This research aims to analyze both the architecture and art of today’s Chora Museum, named Chora Monastery and Chora Mosque chronologically, in comparison with its East European and Italian contemporaries, within the social, cultural and political environment of the Byzantine Empire and the context ofByzantine art developed until and through the 14th century when the spectacular and cinematographic mosaic scenes and frescos covering the vaults and dome of the building, illustrating the life cycles of both the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ with an unconventional use of perspective, were built and painted.The monastery, named Chora meaning “country”, “land” or “in the country”in Greek, referring to its location, was built originally in the 12th century right outside the city walls of Constantinople. The architecture of the building is a combination of different parts built at different time periods in history; the 12th century, from which only the naos part remained; the 14th century, Palaeologans’ reign which is referred to as the brightest time of Byzantine art, and when the naos dome, the north annex, the narthexes, the parekklesion, and a belfry were built together with all the brilliant marble decoration, mosaics and frescoes; and finally the15th century Ottoman era, in which, being turned into a mosque, a mihrab and a minaret were added to the building, together with the plaster covering the mosaics and frescos, which has actually preserved them upto this day.Kariye Museum, as of today, offers different readings of all this juxtaposition at one and the same time and space. The strong storm of the imagery and thee extraordinary way the life cycles of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ were represented, as the ways the cities, buildings, people and their acts were illustrated, comparing to the Byzantine, East European and Italian religious art of the era, makes it possible to say, has affected a wide area, including both the Byzantine Orthodox Church jurisdiction areas and even Italy as far as mannerisms are concerned
Assessment of Correlative Digital Drawing Features in the Design Processes of Unstructured Creativity
(Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, 2023) Aydın, Serdar; Şık, Büşra; Yörük, Merve Şule; Aktaş, Begüm
This research critically challenges the conventional perception of drawings as mere technical blueprints and delves into the intricate integration of design ideation, abstraction, and speculation with geometrical manipulations and semantic labelling. By focusing on unconventional architectural design studio experiments at the undergraduate level, the study aims to explore the role of creativity in speculative drawing. It adopts a 3-dimensional design thinking process that transcends the rigid constraints of traditional drawings and embraces the fluidity of representational norms. Furthermore, the paper elucidates on the pedagogical aspects of the design studio, including the unstructured creativity inherent in the design process. The methodology employed in this study is exemplified through different stages of the design studio, incorporating a variety of representations such as 2D, 2.5D, and 3D, encompassing scalar, geometric, and material transfigurations. To assess the outcomes of the studio, the research utilises correlation diagrams that establish connections between digital drawing features at different stages and the unstructured creativity manifested in the final design. These scatter and correlation diagrams capture the syntactic relationships between the objects within digital drawings. The findings of this study reveal insight on the nuanced interplay between intuitive, reflective, and retrospective aspects of unstructured creativity during the design ideation process. By unravelling the intricate role of digital design tools and methods this research contributes to a deeper understanding of how design ideation is generated and manifested through the dynamic interplay of the modulating compounds of drawing objects. It highlights the significance of meaningful, conceptual, and speculative representations that directly relate to the creation of buildable forms and architectural spaces. Through its critical insights, this study paves the way for advancements in the field of CAAD and offers valuable perspective for architectural education and practice.
An Assessment of the Reflection of Traditional and Computer Assisted Architectural Designing Periods on Buildings Through Hyperbolic Paraboloid Forms
(DAKAM, 2021) Kutlu, İzzettin; İlerisoy, Zeynep Yeşim; Soyluk, Asena
This study examined the changes and developments in the designs and practices regarding the hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces, which have been more popular after the designs of Felix Candela during the architectural period of 20th century. Tracer method was utilized to compare the periods before and after the computerassisted designing instruments were added to the architectural education curriculum. A comparison table was formed for the difference between the periods, and the variable traits that may change in years such as materials, method of practice or span were specified and presented in a chronological order. Assessments indicated that hyperbolic paraboloids used for different purposes could be used as designing elements as well as for passing wide spans, and that they were utilized in different continents during the same periods. It was understood that this form span could be used to reach and pass greater spans through the support provided by using computer-assisted architectural designing instruments. During 1950s, issues related to heating, illumination and ventilation emerged on the hyperbolic surfaces constructed with concrete materials. With the computer-assisted architectural designing instruments, solutions were found on these issues following the trials on the model. As people started to use computers as designing instruments, differences emerged in practices. Instead of buildings that were constructed through on-site concreting procedure with molds during the period of traditional drawing instruments, the panelization systems were able to be produced with the help of computer models and mounted accordingly. Furthermore, with the development of steel industry after 1990, steel was used more often in the construction of hyperbolic paraboloids. This study revealed the contribution of computer-assisted designing instruments which enable designing, analyzing and building complicated geometries to the constructability of hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces, and it demonstrated the current status of these instruments within designing-related processes following the technological advancements. The impact of computer-assisted designing instruments on the relationship between the architectural designing and load-bearing system designing was explained through the examples regarding integrated designing processes. Examining the architectural changes and developments in the hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces, this study indicated that using advanced computer technologies caused radical changes and that the designers were granted new horizons and became more liberal upon the searches for architectural form with the algorithms becoming producible in the digital environment.
Camp: Decolonizing Architecture
(2017) Tan, P., Günenç, Ö.F.
The paper is based on the argument that the notion of “camp” is one of the practices of dwelling that could anchor architects, urbanists and spatial practitioners introducing new forms of infrastructure, public space, relation to existing cities and as well as methodologies. The everyday life practice of a refugee community in a camp is often applied by a normative design approach. Its public space is being understood as tabula rasa, an empty bowl. The refugee camp literature in architecture, which is limited, the basic argumentations are about the urbanization process of refugee camps, spatial practices and understanding the space of camp as state of exception. Through the problematization of public space he claims that the camp has a potentiality as a “anti-city”. Under the frame of this theoretical discussion, this paper will exemplify a comparative local condition of camps in West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and Southeast Anatolia, which the authors are conducting since the last years.
Can deep learning replace histopathological examinations in the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy?
(Springer, 2024) Can, Sermin; Türk, Ömer; Ayral, Muhammed; Kozan, Günay; Arı, Hamza; Akdağ, Mehmet; Yıldırım Baylan, Müzeyyen; Türk, Ömer
Introduction: We aimed to develop a diagnostic deep learning model using contrast-enhanced CT images and to investigate whether cervical lymphadenopathies can be diagnosed with these deep learning methods without radiologist interpretations and histopathological examinations. Material method: A total of 400 patients who underwent surgery for lymphadenopathy in the neck between 2010 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. They were examined in four groups of 100 patients: the granulomatous diseases group, the lymphoma group, the squamous cell tumor group, and the reactive hyperplasia group. The diagnoses of the patients were confirmed histopathologically. Two CT images from all the patients in each group were used in the study. The CT images were classified using ResNet50, NASNetMobile, and DenseNet121 architecture input. Results: The classification accuracies obtained with ResNet50, DenseNet121, and NASNetMobile were 92.5%, 90.62, and 87.5, respectively. Conclusion: Deep learning is a useful diagnostic tool in diagnosing cervical lymphadenopathy. In the near future, many diseases could be diagnosed with deep learning models without radiologist interpretations and invasive examinations such as histopathological examinations. However, further studies with much larger case series are needed to develop accurate deep-learning models.
Compact City As A Sustainable Urban Form Case Of Yazd City Iran
(Güven Plus Grup A.Ş. Yayınları, 2021) Kutlu, İzzettin; Eray, Saide Selin
Urban sprawl has become a noteworthy characteristic of urban development worldwide inthe last decades. Recently the "compact city" model has come to agenda as an antithesis for urban sprawlin order to reduce the economic, environmental and social disadvantages of urban sprawl. Although theconcept of compact city seems as a new issue in field of city planning, scrutinizing historical fabric ofsome cities reveals critical clues about the roots of this concept. Yazd city located in central part of Iranwith a rich historical and cultural background and an idiosyncratic architecture and city fabric is a significant example of compact city. The city has always been known for its unique compact urban fabric and adaptability of its architecture and city planning to the region`s hot and arid climate. The city, however, has gradually misplaced its consistency in its physical and social context because of the rapid population growth and uncontrolled urbanization which has led to urban sprawl and loss of compact urban form within several decades. The resulting urban sprawl has caused various problems that are still unsolved. This study aims to analyze the characteristic of the city`s historical fabric to extract successful urban design principles adopted based on deep knowledge about the climatic and natural features of theregion. The findings of this research reveal how traditional urban patterns can inspire planners to makecities more sustainable
A comparative approach to using photogrammetry in the structural analysis of historical buildings
(2024) Kutlu, İzzettin; Soyluk, Asena
Finite element method (FEM) provides the numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling of physical systems. This process begins by determining the assignment of a theoretical node. A node is a single point on a frame, shell, or solid element and each element can be programmed with its location's material and structural data. Programming with the FEM is quite time-consuming for complex geometry such as historical buildings. This study aims to examine a low-cost and time-saving technology to build a FEM model using photogrammetry. In accordance with this aim, classical modeling techniques and photogrammetric modeling techniques were discussed. The results demonstrated that similar values were revealed in stress and deformation values. Consequently, the study emphasizes the potential of photogrammetry technology as an integrated approach for bringing together the disciplines of architecture and engineering that usually require two distinct expertise in analysing the structural behavior of historical buildings.
A Comparitive Study of Space Syntax Analysis between Traditional Antakya Houses and Social Housing Complexes by TOKI
(Mimarlık Bilimleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 2022) Kutlu, İzzettin; Kutlu, İzzettin; Kılınç, Cemre
Space syntax analysis method is used to define the regions, cities, built environments, building groups, spatial models, and indoor organizations at different scales and to examine their interaction with social structure. This study aimed to analyse the spatial organization of traditional atria by using the space syntax method and to reveal the socio-cultural effect of atria. The spatial morphology and behavioural models regarding the traditional Antakya houses and social houses built by the Housing Development Administration of the Republic of Turkey, the institution that has the largest share in the construction of high-rise buildings in Turkey, were compared and analysed through the space syntax method As a result of the study, it has been determined that the privacy of family and women directly affects the design in traditional Antakya houses. On the other hand in TOKI buildings has been observed that individual privacy was given more importance and it has been determined that this was not created by building design decisions, but by the entrance doors of the rooms.
Critical analysis and digital documentation of the transformations of heritage buildings
(2024) Kutlu, İzzettin; Kutlu, İzzettin
Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mosque symbolizes significant cultural heritage with its historical diversity and distinctive architectural features. Today, this building is remarkable for its cultural transformation and historical layers. The study aims to address the transformation processes of the Hagia Sophia Mosque in the light of international conservation criteria, to understand the history of the building and to reveal the digital perspectives of this historical place. The study comprises a four-stage process: (1) investigating the building’s history through a literature review, (2) obtaining visual and technical data through fieldwork, (3) conducting a transformation analysis and generating a three-dimensional measured model, and (4) providing evaluations and recommendations on the building’s transformation and digital modeling in alignment with conservation criteria. The digital model of the building as a result of the study will be part of the preservation of such an important piece of cultural heritage for future generations. The study emphasizes the need for more effective integration of digital modeling techniques in conservation and documentation studies, extending from Hagia Sophia to various cultural heritage sites.
Deciphering the Informal: Border Trade Leftovers and the Tandoori House
(S.ARCH Conferences and AWARDs, 2023) Ataş, Zeynep
Rural settlements on the south-eastern part of Turkey, along the D-400 transnational trade route to Syria and Iraq, are widely characterized by user-built, makeshift additions to the main buildings. With the reuse of left-over materials from border trade trucks, such as fuel tanks,tires, pallets, truck trailer tarps integrated with regular building materials like mud, stone and briquette in certain ways, auxiliary spaces of everyday life such as tandoori houses, poultry houses, garages, storage units, sheep pens, garden fences and walls, some in quiet sophisticated forms, are built by the locals themselves. In this context, this research aims to analyze the architectural knowledge embodied in these additions, just as another form of informal genius involving, in this part of the world, border trade leftovers. An analysis of this kind involves transnational trade politics and economics, circular economy, local socio-economic structure in macro scale, and integration and reuse of materials, formation processes, methods of construction and articulation within the existing environment in micro-scale. In order to create a basis for the analysis an inventory of these additions is formed, documenting each on an interactive map with 3D models, plan-section-elevation drawings, construction and material composition diagrams. Such a work is believed to be important to shed light on the informal and to add on to a limited number of research that expands our knowledge on this fluid, unstable and under-explored form of architectural knowledge.
Decolonizing Architectural Education: Towards an Affective Pedagogy
(Taylor and Francis, 2017) Tan, P.; Petrescu, D; Trogal, K
Deleuze and research methodologies
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2015) Tan, Pelin
The methodological crisis that resulted from conservative, closed-circle orthodoxy in the field of social sciences has led us to question our toolbox of empirical research methods over the last decade. Aside from the issue of conducting quantitative and qualitative research methodologies separately, and the problems of grounding theory in empirical practice, the discussion of embedded situational research methods has been much neglected in academia. Additionally, the multiplicity of new forms for contemporary knowledge production urges us to adapt our methods. Nowadays, the gap between theory and practice is frequently challenged from a Deleuzian perspective. Deleuzian research is often based on understanding the social subject as an affect and as an experience. Furthermore, from a Deleuzian perspective, in our complex societies ‘data’ is a rhizomatic assemblage that needs to be searched, evaluated, analysed and represented with complex tools or, indeed, with new research tools invented accordingly. Recently, visual tools and production methods such as moving image, video activism, mapping, visual networking, digital archiving and performative artistic research have been employed and applied often in transdisciplinary research based on a Deleuzian conceptualisation of knowledge production. This means visuality as both concept and a product is not only a representation of knowledge but also the machine that drives it.
Developing an Integrated VR Infrastructure in Architectural Design Education
(Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 2020) Aydin, Serdar; Aktaş, Begüm
With the advent of computer technology, Virtual Reality (VR) became an integral part of design studios in architecture education. Researchers have been exploring how VR-enhanced design studios can be assessed from a student-centered perspective. This paper illustrates the role of teaching architectural design for developing a novel and contextual curriculum based on an analysis of student feedback. The background focuses on the development of VR-based architectural design education. The methodology frames two digital design ecosystems which are experimented in four undergraduate courses. With an ecosystem-based approach discussed in this paper, a medium-oriented and a content-oriented curriculum are offered for testing students’ reaction to teaching design in VR. In both ecosystems, students are engaged with advanced digital design methods and techniques, which include 3D form-finding, building information modeling, visual programming, coding, and real-time rendering. The study screens the usage of software solutions for the creation of complex virtual environments, covering Blender, Rhinoceros, Unity, Grasshopper, and Revit. The implementation of a User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) comparatively demonstrates the performative qualities of both digital design ecosystems. Results indicate that the intensity of interaction varied in two incomparable, but connate, levels of qualities. The findings suggest that the perspicuity aspects of student interaction bare the risk of “complicated” and “confusing” software. The results further demonstrate a conflict between task-related qualities and non-task related qualities. Additionally, interacting with VR tools in architecture design education is found attractive, stimulating, and original despite low scores on the pragmatic qualities of perspicuity, efficiency, and dependability. The data and results obtained from this study give insight into the planning of design studios in architecture education based on the use of VR and digital methods. Therefore, this study contributes to future research in the contextualization of the design teaching efforts.
Developing an Integrated VR Infrastructure in Architectural Design Education
(Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 2020) Aydın, Serdar; Aktaş, Begüm
With the advent of computer technology, Virtual Reality (VR) became an integral part of design studios in architecture education. Researchers have been exploring how VR-enhanced design studios can be assessed from a student-centered perspective. This paper illustrates the role of teaching architectural design for developing a novel and contextual curriculum based on an analysis of student feedback. The background focuses on the development of VR-based architectural design education. The methodology frames two digital design ecosystems which are experimented in four undergraduate courses. With an ecosystem-based approach discussed in this paper, a medium-oriented and a content-oriented curriculum are offered for testing students' reaction to teaching design in VR. In both ecosystems, students are engaged with advanced digital design methods and techniques, which include 3D form-finding, building information modeling, visual programming, coding, and real-time rendering. The study screens the usage of software solutions for the creation of complex virtual environments, covering Blender, Rhinoceros, Unity, Grasshopper, and Revit. The implementation of a User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) comparatively demonstrates the performative qualities of both digital design ecosystems. Results indicate that the intensity of interaction varied in two incomparable, but connate, levels of qualities. The findings suggest that the perspicuity aspects of student interaction bare the risk of “complicated” and “confusing” software. The results further demonstrate a conflict between task-related qualities and non-task related qualities. Additionally, interacting with VR tools in architecture design education is found attractive, stimulating, and original despite low scores on the pragmatic qualities of perspicuity, efficiency, and dependability. The data and results obtained from this study give insight into the planning of design studios in architecture education based on the use of VR and digital methods. Therefore, this study contributes to future research in the contextualization of the design teaching efforts.
Diagnosis of schizophrenia based on transformation from EEG sub-bands to the image with deep learning architecture
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Türk, Ömer; Aldemir, Erdoğan; Acar, Emrullah; Ertuğrul, Ömer Faruk; Türk, Ömer
Electroencephalogram is a low-cost, non-invasive, and high-entropy signal and thus has huge potential for clinical diagnosis of neurological diseases and brain–computer interface applications. Schizophrenia is one of the most severe diseases that show behavioral manifestations that are easily uncovered by specialists. In this context, the electroencephalogram analysis becomes more important for the automatic diagnosis of schizophrenia disease in the clinical process. In this study, a deep learning architecture, namely ResNet, aims to classify schizophrenia is proposed. The proposed system transforms wavelet sub-bands of the electroencephalogram into two-dimensional image space, which is considered the main unique contribution of the study. Thus, the disease indicators and features included in images could be figured out. Moreover, a discussion on the class activation maps was made to give a wide perspective on the features related to the disease. The proposed system was implemented on a large-scale electroencephalogram database containing records from unhealthy and healthy patients in various phases. The ResNet was implemented in three modes to give a thorough perspective in terms of the metrics of the diagnosis accuracy. The proposed system achieves 92.94% diagnosis accuracy rate, and the result shows that the proposed transformation-based solution is owing to the features related to schizophrenia disease
Digital Approach to Documenting Cultural Heritage Dynamics in Hasankeyf
(2023) Kutlu, İzzettin; Şimşek, Deryanur
The history of humanity has a rich and diverse history with numerous civilizations and cultures. Cultural heritage sites preserve this heritage as an urban memory that can be passed on to future generations. However, rapidly increasing urban development, unpredictable natural disasters and complex socio-political dynamics are serious risks that threaten the sustainability of these heritage assets. Hasankeyf, with its thousands of years of history and hundreds of archaeological sites, has been one of the cultural treasures under risk. The major change in the city due to the Ilısu Dam project has aroused widespread repercussions at the international level and it has reminded that the preservation of cultural assets should include not only tangible assets, but also historical memory and knowledge. Therefore, documenting and archiving historical and cultural assets in detail is crucial before their permanent transformations. In this study, photogrammetric models of Hasankeyf were created with Metashape software using old drone images. Then, a photogrammetric model of the area was created using the latest drone images in order to make a process evaluation. Then, the transformation of Hasankeyf was examined through the models obtained and the transformation was visualized. The interaction between cultural heritage and technology has gained great importance in preservation studies in the digital age of rapidly developing technology. This study highlights the possibilities that digital technologies can present in the preservation of cultural heritage and demonstrates the increasing necessity of documenting historical values. It also provides a framework for documentation of similar historical heritages.
Evaluation of Structural Elements in the Conservation of Historical Buildings on Mardin Architectural Heritage
(IKSAD Publications, 2024) Kutlu, İzzettin
Historical buildings are the basic elements that form the cultural and architectural identity of a society. Carrying the traces of the past, these buildings not only offer an aesthetic value, but also provide important information about historical processes, social life styles and technological developments (Harrison, 2013). They also fulfill an important function of transferring information between the past and the present, and between the present and the future. In this context, Anatolian lands have a rich historical heritage as a meeting point of different civilizations and cultures. Many civilizations, from the Hittites to the Byzantines, from the Seljuks to the Ottoman Empire, have left their mark on this geography and each has developed its own unique architectural techniques. Each architectural technique contains important data about the period in which it was built. Therefore, the protection of these heritages is of vital importance in terms of both cultural continuity and social memory (Tatoğlu, 2023; Viejo-Rose, 2015).
Experiencing Cultural Heritage Through Gamification: Mardin orphanage
(Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, 2023) Aydın, Serdar; Güleç Özer, Derya; Aydin, Serdar
This paper presents early-stage research about the role of gamification in experiencing cultural heritage strongly within the sociological context, specifically focusing on the transformation of the old orphanage located in the historical city center of Mardin. The study acknowledges the significance of the old orphanage as an architectural heritage exemplar, built of natural Mardin stone, situated within a unique historical and archaeological urban environment. However, it recognizes the challenges of preserving the building's heritage value, which necessitate surpassing the superficial restoration methods applied to adapt it into a hotel. The primary motivation of this research is to develop a method for creating a navigable and interactive virtual replica of the orphanage, centering on the processes and outcomes of transferring its heritage value. To achieve this, the paper initially outlines the documentation and analysis procedures employed, utilizing photogrammetry to capture the past and current states of the orphanage. Subsequently, participants engage with a gamified and realistic digital replica of the orphanage, involving task-based interactions and scenario-based experiences. The paper concludes by presenting preliminary results concerning participant reactions to the initial virtual model, delivered through a VR device. By raising awareness about the significance of restoring and preserving historical heritage, this study aims to positively impact the domains of tourism, education, and conservation. Furthermore, it intends to shed light on future research opportunities in the field of digital cultural heritage.
An exploratory method for an alternative narrative of housing history in Istanbul
(University of Toronto Press Inc., 2016) Ataş, Zeynep
Analysis and visualization of spatial data has proven to be an effective tool in communicating apparent or latent spatial information in an efficient way. Here a specific data processing and visualization method is employed in creating an original base for a nonlinear historical narrative of a specific urban phenomenon. Housing development in Istanbul is selected as a case to be explored through a heuristic method involving correspondence analysis (COA) complemented by clustering methods and Bertin's graphics theory. COA is an exploratory method for cross-tabular data analysis, which facilitates the interpretation of data by visualizing the relative relationship between its variables. Two sets of data on the shares of the state, the private sector, and housing cooperatives in housing development in Istanbul between 1987 and 2007 have been processed by COA. The outputs of the process are correspondence maps and Bertin graphics. Maps create a basis for a spatiotemporal analyses of public and private housing development in Istanbul, while revealing certain relation networks and breaks in housing history that are not quite perceptible by looking at the data tables only. Thus, drawing upon the discoveries from the maps, a nonlinear narrative of housing history is proposed as a collection of several thorough analyses of the discoveries within the economic, political, and social setting particular to this geography.

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