Cadmium-Induced Systemic Inflammation and Retinal Degeneration: Histopathological and Cytokine Analysis in a Rat Model

Abstract

Clinical RelevanceCadmium causes systemic inflammation and retinal damage, posing a serious threat to visual and public health.BackgroundCadmium is a harmful heavy metal that builds up in body tissues and cause systemic inflammation and organ damage. This research sought to explore the impact of subacute cadmium exposure on retinal morphology and inflammatory cytokine levels.MethodA total of fourteen male Wistar albino rats were randomized into control and cadmium-exposed groups within the scope of the experiment. 3 mg/kg cadmium (CdCl2) was administered intraperitoneally to the subjects in the cadmium group for 15 days. At the end of study, serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were determined by ELISA method. In addition, retinal tissues were examined histopathologically after Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Retinal apoptotic changes were assessed by semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of Bax and Bcl-2 expression in the inner and outer nuclear layers.ResultsAccording to the findings, cadmium exposure caused a statistically significant increase in serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels. Histopathological examination revealed a marked decrease in the thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL), as well as focal vacuolization and cellular disorganization. Cadmium exposure significantly increased Bax immunoreactivity and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in both the INL and ONL, while significantly decreasing Bcl-2 expression.ConclusionIn conclusion, cadmium exposure increased the systemic inflammatory response, leading to significant histopathological damage in the retinal layers and a dominant proapoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 balance, thereby triggering cellular apoptosis.