Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/3596

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Aristotelianism and the disintegration of the late antique theological discourse
(Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2013) Krausmüller Dirk
One of the most striking characteristics of early Christianity was the willingness despite occasional misgivings to engage with Greek philosophy. From the second century onwards Christian writers borrowed terms and concepts from the different philosophical schools in order to formulate their understanding of the Christian God and his relation to Jesus Christ. Following the groundbreaking work of Origen, this engagement reached new levels of depth and sophistication in the controversies of the fourth century. It was in the course of these controversies that the three Cappadocians, Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa developed a radically new conceptual framework, which distinguished between one divine substance or nature and the three hypostases or persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and which associated the former with a set of common qualities such as ‘incorporeality’ and the latter with specific properties such as ‘begotten’ in the case of the Son. This model is evidently influenced by the contemporary philosophical discourse but it has proved difficult to identify its exact antecedents. In the last 50 years scholars have attempted to make the case for Aristotelian, Neoplatonic or Stoic provenance but none of these hypotheses has found universal acceptance.
At the resurrection we will not recognise one another': Radical devaluation of social relations in the lost model of anastasius' and pseudo-athanasius' questions and answers
(2013) Krausmüller, Dirk
The three centuries between 550 and 850 witnessed a debate about the state of human beings after the resurrection. The author of a now lost collection of Questions and Answers asserted that all resurrected would look like Christ in his thirtieth year and who made the further claim that without distinguishing characteristics it would be impossible for the resurrected to recognise people whom they had known during their earthly lives. This article reconstructs the debate surrounding this theory and identifies the factors that led to its emergence. © 2013 by Byzantion. All rights reserved.
Between Tritheism and Sabellianism: Trinitarian Speculation in John Italos' and Nicetas Stethatos' Confessions of Faith
(Brill Academic Publishers, 2016) Krausmüller, Dirk
This article focuses on two confessions of faith, which were composed in the late eleventh century by the philosopher John Italos and by the monk Nicetas Stethatos. In-depth analysis of selected passages shows that the two men subscribed to a Trinitarian theology that could be considered heretical. They denied the existence of a common divine substance that could safeguard the oneness of God and instead emphasised the closeness of the hypostases to each other, which made it impossible for them to accord to the hypostases the distinguishing function that the Cappadocians had given them. Thus it can be argued that it was their Tritheism that pushed them towards a 'Sabellian' solution. © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Biography as allegory
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2013) Krausmüller, Dirk
Through comparison with Dante's Divine Comedy and with Late Antique allegorical interpretations of the Bible this article makes the case that Byzantine hagiographers encoded an allegorical dimension into their texts and that they did so in order to make value judgements that complement explicit evaluations of the behaviour of saints.
The educational experiences of Syrian women in countries of safety/asylum
(Elsevier, 2022) Ibesh, Rasem; Ahmad, Wael; Chikhou, Rachid; Jumah, Razan; Sankar, Hayat; Thurston, Allen
The Syrian crisis has resulted in a large refugee movement of Syrian citizens from inside Syria, to countries of safety/asylum, notably Turkey. It is estimated that there are approximately 1.7 million Syrian women refugees in Turkey. This research uses Freire's framing of oppressors and facilitators in education to looks at how the war has impacted on the education of women their country of safety/asylum. Interviews were conducted with 24 refugee women, and the findings presented to a user focus group of Syrian refugee women. Findings indicate that language and finance are key barriers to women fulfilling their educational potential. Changes in the roles of women in countries of safety/asylum are key opportunities that could be exploited by women. Findings also indicated that non-government organisations must co-design educational provision with refugees in order to ensure that opportunities are maximised.
From ‘brothers in religion’ to ‘bandits’: Chechens in Mardin in the late Ottoman period
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2021) Yelbaşı, Caner; Akman, Ekrem
This article analyses the mass migration of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire between the mid-1860s and the 1900s. The Russian expansion to the North Caucasus transformed the entire region surrounding the Black Sea, including its demography, governance and politics. This expansion took place in several phases. The first resulted in a major mass migration by several North Caucasian groups, who abandoned the region in response to the increasing presence of Russian military personnel. During the second stage, the exodus of these groups accelerated because of massacres committed by the Russian military in an attempt to take complete control. Many North Caucasians were exiled to Ottoman lands, arriving en masse, either on foot, or by sailing across the Black Sea. This article argues that the Ottoman state lacked a well-functioning settlement policy regarding the incoming North Caucasians. The Ottomans aimed to accommodate the refugees by deploying the frame of viewing them as ‘brothers in religion‘, but this resulted in a number of issues, in particular due to existing problems concerning the ‘state's Tanzimat‘ order, along with the collection of taxes and conflict with Bedouin tribes in the Mardin region. This article examines this phenomenon by means of a study of the ‘Chechens' journey‘ to the Ottoman Empire, focusing specifically on a subgroup of Chechens, who were settled in the Mardin region. Through the use of a considerable array of archival resources, the article seeks to firstly, trace the route taken by the Chechen group to Mardin and secondly, to clarify their transformation from being considered ‘brothers in religion’ by the Ottomans to regional bandits.
Hiding in plain sight: Heterodox trinitarian speculation in the writings of niketas stethatos
(Sankt-Peterburgskoe Obshchestvo Vizantino-Slavyanskih Issledovanii, 2013) Krausmüller, Dirk
This article makes the case that Niketas Stethatos, and Symeon the New Theologian before him, constructed an alternative Trinity where the divine nature, now called Spirit, becomes the "father" of a "son" and where this "son" in turn becomes the "father" of another "son." This model is set out in exposés of the Imago Trinitatis where the human image, which is defined as a nature, the soul, with two faculties, the mind and its off- spring, the word, serves as a starting-point for a reorganisation of the divine archetype, which when considered in isolation seems to be entirely orthodox.
İtaat, İtikat ve Askerlik Üçgeninde Osmanlı’da Devlet-Yezidi İlişkileri
(Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi, 2021) Akman, Ekrem
Yazidis or Ezidis are a Kurdish speaking religion group, living in the Sheyhan and Sinjar region around Mosul as well as rural areas of Diyarbakir, Urfa and Mardin. Yazidism is an ethno-religious faith, which is specific to certain families and in which any person out of this belief is not accepted. There are still unresolved debates about when and by whom Yazidism was founded, its origin, and basic belief figures. Islamic scholars argue that the Yezidism was founded by the community known as Adeviye Sect, maintained by the followers of Adi. b. Musafir,(555/1160) a Sunni sufi, after his death but then deviated from the belief of Islam in time and became an aberrant religion. Some also claim that this belief has survived as a remnant of Iranian religions such as Zarathustra, Mani and Mithraism (Mihrperest). The Ottoman Empire, occupied the surrounding of Mosul and Diyarbekir in 1514, started to have relationships with the Yazidis. Following this date, the state-Yezidi relationships in the Ottoman Empire regarding obedience, belief and military started. When the Yazidis followed the rules specified by the state, they were granted agricultural lands and areas, and they were accepted to be citizens. However, when they did not obey and revolted, they were accused of being disbeliever, not performing prayers and being aberrant, for this reason, they were punished. In this regard, the attitude of the state towards heterodox groups was determined not by religion and belief, but rather by sovereignty and obedience in the classical period of the Ottoman Empire. With the period of Tanzimat, the state-Yazidi relationships, which was centered on obedience, was first transformed into "Ottomanism", in which all citizens were accepted equal based on belief and military, and then Pan Islamism. Yazidi clergymen and leading figures refused to join the military by urging that their religion did not allow this. Faith and belief were at that time essential for the Ottoman Empire-Yazidi relationships, which was previously based on obedience and revolt. A number of projects were performed for communities and groups which were wanted to be included in the Pan-Islamism and prevent them from being targeted by foreign interventions. In this respect, in addition to the activities of heyet-i tefhimiye, firka-i islahiye, irsad committees, religious education, school and mosque construction activities were initiated. The offer of the Yazidis to solve military problems by paying a certain amount of money like Christians and Jews was not accepted by the state. After the second constitutional era, the demands of the Yazidis regarding a treatment such as exemption from military service in return for jizya or paid military service as a separate religion like Christians and Jews began to be discussed among the Ottoman bureaucrats and administrators. They stated that the group declaring themselves as Yezidi and believing in this respect had to be accepted as Yazidi in accordance with religious and sect freedom, the State had to recognize the religion of the Yazidis and their spiritual leaders had to benefit from the laws applicable for the spiritual leaders of non-Muslim groups. In this article, it is sought to answer the belief problems of the Yazidis and the question of whether the factor of obedience or belief were more determinant in Ottoman-Yazidi relationships. In this research it is claimed that in the classical period when the Ottoman Empire was powerful, its attitude towards the peripheral belief groups and communities was determined by obedience, not by religion and belief. After the Tanzimat, when the external pressures were dominant, these groups were tried to be included in the center by correcting their beliefs by means of military services. This article is divided into three parts: In the first part, the founder and naming of the Yazidi belief, which constitute the main problem of their history, will be examined. In this context, this section will discuss their relations with Satan and Yazid figures, which they define with a different physiognomy. The second part will analyse the Ottoman-Yazidi encounter in the classical period. The third part will focus on military service, which became the main problem in the state-Yezidi relations after the Tanzimat era. The contradictions in the beliefs of the Yazidis also an important part of this article. Therefore, the muhimme defters and the other archive documents were also used in this study to understand the Ottoman Empire's approach to Yazidis and the other-similar heretic groups in the classical and the Tanzimat period. This article will fill an important gap by comparing the functioning of the Ottoman state mechanism in the classical and Tanzimat era.
John of phoberos, a 12th-century monastic founder, and his saints: Luke of mesembria and symeon of the wondrous mountain
(Societe des Bollandistes, 2016) Krausmüller, Dirk
Le moine Jean, abbé du monastère de Phoberos et auteur d’une règle monastique, tenait deux saints en haute estime, à savoir son prédécesseur Luc de Messembria et le stylite et abbé Syméon le Jeune (VIe s.). Si son rapport avec Luc peut se comprendre aisément, la vénération de Jean pour Syméon est, quant à elle, plus surprenante. Elle s’explique probablement par les activités littéraires des moines de la Sainte-Montagne, près d’Antioche, qui firent tout pour promouvoir leur saint patron.
Justifications for the Spanish Invasion of North Africa (16th Century)
(JOURNAL OF AL-TAMADDUN, 2021) Bilgin, Feridun
The process called Reconquista (Reconquest) in history of Spain succeeded with the occupation of Granada (1492). In order to prevent its lands from becoming "Andalusia" again, the Spanish government established the country's lines of defense outside the country in North Africa. Considering religious, commercial, political and military reasons a limited occupation policy was implemented in North Africa. Places on strategic North African coasts such as Ceuta, Melilla, Oran and Merselkebir were occupied, and military garrisons (Presedios/Plazas) were established here. With the help of these garrisons, the Spain's Mediterranean and Atlantic trade has been secured for decades.
Liturgical innovation in 11th- and 12th-century constantinople: Hours and inter-hours in the evergetis Typikon, its 'daughters' and its 'Grand-Daughters'
(2013) Krausmüller, Dirk
From the middle of the 11th century onwards the adoption of a new liturgical element, the inter-hours, and the communal performance of both hours and inter-hours on all days of the year were promoted as the hallmarks of monastic reform. The abbots of Evergetis monastery resisted this trend, most probably because they wished to leave space for individual expressions of worship. However, the pull of the reform discourse made it difficult to maintain such a position. This can be seen from the later adaptations of the Evergetis Typikon, which modify the text of their model by adding stipulations about communal performance of the hours and in most cases also of the inter-hours. Study of these adaptations further reveals that the Philanthropos Typikon was an adaptation of the Evergetis Typikon and in turn served as the model for the later rules of Kecharitomene and Machairas.
MİSTİK VE İDEOLOJİK SÖYLEM BAĞLAMINDA BABA İSHÂK VE MAHMUD TARABÎ İSYANLARININ MÜŞTEREK ZEMİNİ
(Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, 2022) Selçukoğlu, Ahmet
7./13. asır başlarından itibaren Moğol istilasının oluşturduğu panik ve anarşi ortamı, İslam dünyasında onlara karşı koyacak bir “kurtarıcı” bekleme düşüncesini kuvvetlendirmiş, bu çerçevede peygamber ve mehdi figürlü bazı ayaklanma hadiseleri vuku bulmuştur. Bu tür isyanlara iştirak eden ve dönem itibariyla İslamiyet’in kitabî esaslarını kavrama konusunda isteksiz görünen göçebe Türkler, farklı coğrafyalarda eş zamanlı olarak meydana gelen Baba İshâk ve Mahmud Tarabî isyanlarına da kitlesel bir teveccüh göstermişlerdir. Türklerin katılımıyla bastırılması güç bir boyuta evrilen bu isyanlar, resmî ideoloji ile göçebe kitleler arasında zihinsel ve duygusal uçurumların oluşmasına, derviş dindarlığı ile medrese skolastiği arasındaki rekabet ve çekişmenin daha da derinleşmesine sebep olmuştur. Her iki isyandaki ortak söylemler, aslında önceki dönemlerde Türklerin iştirak ettiği dini karakterli isyanlarla benzeşir. Bâbek elHürremî ve Mukanna el-Horasanî isyanları buna verilecek en önemli iki örnektir. Bu toplumsal hadiselerin hemen hepsinde isyanın liderleri şahsında ulûhiyet ve peygamberlik figürleri ile tezyin edilen bir Müslüman Şaman karakteri kendini göstermiş ve her biri, bir önceki neslin belleğinin sonraki nesle aktarılmasının bir tezahürü şeklinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Gerek Tarabî gerekse Babaî isyanında aynı argümanların kullanılmış olması dikkat çekicidir. İsyanların birbirine yakın kronolojisi, ortak söylemleri ve birbiriyle önemli ölçüde benzeşen lider portresi, her iki hareketin aynı sözlü bellekten beslendiğine işaret etmektedir. Her ne kadar ayaklanmaların ayırt edici özellikleri hakkında çok az şey bilinse de resmî ideolojinin savunucuları olan dönemin müellifleri eliyle tutulan kayıtlarda gerek Mahmud Tarabî gerekse Baba İshak birer sahtekâr, onlara uyanlar da cahil güruhlar olarak tasvir edilir. Bu makalede, Orta Çağ’da aynı tarihte farklı coğrafyalarda meydana gelmiş bulunan dini nitelikli iki isyanın karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılarak her ikisinin beslendiği müşterek bellek ve söylemler ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.
Origen: Exegesis and philosophy in early christian Alexandria
(Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2011) Krausmüller, Dirk
The past two decades have seen an explosion of interest in the late antique philosophical commentary tradition. This chapter explores the idea of translating the scholastic social experience by briefly considering the projects undertaken by four very different commentators active in the 520s and 530s. It looks at Olympiodorus' commentary on Plato's Gorgias, one of the earliest and least polished works written by the productive and long-lived scholar. The chapter considers how some facets of the project undertaken by Boethius suggest that he anticipates that his ideas will not be interpreted in a traditional classroom setting. It examines the puzzling decision of Sergius of Reshaina to write a Syriac commentary of an Aristotelian work for which no Syriac translation existed. Elias' description suggests something that is both self-evident and seldom recognized in modern discussions of the philosophical commentaries composed during late antiquity.
Origenism and anti-origenism in the late sixth and seventh centuries
(University of Notre Dame Press, 2016) Krausmüller, Dirk
Osmanlı Diyarbakır’ında Kelekçilerin Örgütlenme Yapısı ve İlişki Ağları
(Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2021) Dinç, Fasih
Keçi veya koyun tulumlarının şişirilmesi ve üzerlerine keresteden platformların eklenmesiyle yapılan kelek, Osmanlı dönemi boyunca Dicle Nehri’nin DiyarbakırMusul arası kısmında hem nakliyat hem de ulaşımda kullanılan yegâne vasıta olmuştur. Diyarbakır ve çevresinde üretilen mal ve eşya, kelek vasıtasıyla Irak pazarlarına, oradan da uluslararası pazarlara taşınmıştır. Şehir ticareti ve ulaşımındaki etkin rolüne dayalı olarak, kelek imâl eden ve onu nehir yolunda kullanan kelekçiler, şehrin iktisadi örgütlenmesinin önemli bileşenlerinden biri hâline gelmiştir. Dicle’nin Musul’a kadar olan kısmının topoğrafyası ve sığ debisinin kelek dışında başka bir vasıtaya imkân tanımaması kelekçiliği, bu bölgeyle sınırlı bir mesleğe dönüştürmüştür. Böylece kelekçilik, Osmanlı Devleti’nin esnaf birliklerinin belli ilkelere bağlı olarak işleyen yapısına Diyarbakır bölgesine münhasır bir meslek olarak dâhil olmuştur. Mesleki anlamda kelekçiliğin örgütsel yapısı ve bu yapıdan kaynaklı ilişkiler ağına dâir çalışma eksikliği, bu konuya yönelmemizi sağlamıştır. Söz konusu eksikliği gidermek amacıyla hazırladığımız bu çalışmada, kelekçilik mesleğine ve loncasına yönelik detaylı bilgiler sunulmaktadır. Çalışmada, Osmanlı Arşivi ve Diyarbakır Şer’iye Sicillerinin 18. yüzyıl ile 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısına ait verilerinden hareketle, Osmanlı Dönemi’nde Diyarbakır ekonomisinin önemli bir iş kolu olan kelekçiliğin örgütlenme biçimi ve işleyiş düzeni incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede mesleki örgütlenmenin işleyişinde kelekçilerin devlet ve esnaf örgütleriyle kurduğu ilişki ağları tespit edilerek söz konusu ilişkinin yapısı çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
OSMANLI-İRAN ARASINDA BİR REKABET VE NÜFUZ ALANI: İMAM MUSA KÂZIM TÜRBESİ
(2022) Akman, Ekrem
Osmanlı-İran ilişkilerinin geçmişten gelen mücadele ve rekabet alanlarından en önemlisi Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altındaki topraklarda bulunan ve Şiilerce kutsal sayılan Atebât-ı âliyât denilen Kerbelâ, Necef, Sâmerrâ ve Kâzımiye şehirlerindeki ziyaretgâhlardı. Başta Bağdat olmak üzere adı geçen şehirler coğrafi ve stratejik konumlarının yanı sıra barındırdıkları İslam büyüklerinin mezar ve türbeleri nedeniyle İslam tarihinde Şii ve Sünni Müslümanların ilgi odağı oldu. İranlıların Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki bu mekânlara yoğun ilgileri ve imar faaliyetlerinde bulunma istekleri çeşitli problemlerin yaşanmasına neden oldu. Özellikle Kâzımiye’deki İmam Musa Kâzım Türbesi’ni sahiplenme amaçlı tadilat ve eklemeler iki tarafı karşı karşıya getirdi. Bu makalede, İmam Musa Kâzım Türbesi’nde yapılmak istenen tadilat ve eklemeler mercek altına alınmış ve buraya gelen Şii ziyaretçilerin ve İranlıların ilgisinin Osmanlı-İran ilişkilerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla adı geçen ziyaretgâhları sahiplenmedeki rekabetin temelinde dini, mezhebi, siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal hangi faktörlerin etkili olduğunun, İran ve Osmanlı devlet adamlarının türbelere ve mukaddes mekânlara ilgilerinin ve Osmanlı’nın buradaki mülkî hâkimiyet konusundaki hassasiyetinin ve endişelerinin nedenleri sorgulanmıştır. Osmanlı’nın, İran’la ilişkileri bozmayacak, Şiileri de küstürmeyecek şekilde adı geçen mekânları sahiplendiğini iddia eden bu makale, 19. yüzyılda Atebât şehirleri ve özellikle Bağdat’ta bulunan İmam Musa Kâzım türbesi etrafında iki ülke arasında ortaya çıkan nüfuz rekabetini arşiv belgeleri ışığında ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır.
Reconfiguring the trinity: Symeon the new theologian on the 'holy spirit' and the imago trinitatis
(2011) Krausmüller, Dirk
This article challenges the widespread view that the Byzantine theological discourse was averse to innovation and confined to restating official doctrine. It makes the case that the mystic Symeon the New Theologian constructed an alternative Trinity where the Spirit as the third hypostasis besides the Father and the Son is equated not with the product of the Father, which is suppressed, but with the common divine nature, and where this new third hypostasis is placed before the other two hypostases, which it is said to engender.
Separation and conflict: Syriac Jacobites and Syriac Catholics in Mardin in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
(MANEY PUBLISHING, 2014) Özcoşar, İbrahim; Özcoşar, İbrahim
From the sixteenth century onwards, the Syriac Jacobites living in the Ottoman empire were confronted by the propaganda of Catholic missionaries. As a result of this propaganda, a Syriac Catholic patriarchate was established in the late eighteenth century, and the Syriac community was divided into two. A merciless conflict ensued between Orthodox Syriacs, aligned with the main Church, and the Catholic Syriacs. While this conflict occurred in all places where Syriacs lived, it was most intense in the city of Mardin, the location of the patriarchal centre of Syriac Jacobites. The Jacobites struggled to prevent both the Catholicization of their community, and also the Catholic takeover of their churches, monasteries and cemeteries. At various times and for various reasons, the Ottoman empire and certain European states felt the need to intervene in this conflict. Continuing almost uninterrupted throughout the nineteenth century, this conflict adversely affected the Syriacs, and also precipitated their modernization.
Showing one's true colours: Patriarch Methodios on the morally improving effect of sacred images
(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016) Krausmüller, Dirk
This brief article makes the case that Patriarch Methodios developed a distinctive icon theology. He argued that the saints had infused the colours of their faces with their holy essence and that these colours when separated from the bodies and transferred to images could thus lead to the moral improvement of the onlookers.
Sleeping souls and living corpses: Patriarch methodius' defence of the cult of saints
(Universa Press, 2015) Krausmüller, Dirk
In his Life of Euthymius of Sardes Patriarch Methodius accepts that the souls cannot function once they have been separated from the bodies. However, he then contends that in the case of the saints this link is never severed because their corpses remain uncorrupted and even capable of movement. The article offers an in-depth analysis of the text and makes the case that during the Second Iconoclasm there was not only opposition to the cult of saints but also a more wide-spread anxiety that dead saints might not be active after all. © 2015 by Byzantion. All rights reserved.

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