Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Üretim Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/201

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Alternaria spp. causing postharvest decay on apple fruit in Nigde province, Turkey
(2022) Tulukoglu Kunt, Keziban Sinem; Derviş, Sibel; Özden, Mustafa
Postharvest rots caused by Alternaria spp. result from infections occurring in the apple orchard at or before harvest and these may remain quiescent during the growing phase and only result in decay during postharvest cold storage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and characterize Alternaria spp. associated with apple black spot and/ or decay during cold storage in Nigde, Turkey. Isolates of Alternaria spp. were obtained from apple fruit (cvs Fuji, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Red Delicious, and Starking Delicious) with dark, dry, spongy lesions. The symptomatic fruits were sampled from 18 commercial cold storages in the Nigde Province, Turkey, during the 2020/21 storage period. Decayed fruits were transferred to the laboratory for isolation of the fungi from the lesions. In total, 75 Alternaria isolates were characterized morphologically and were differentiated into 5 phenotypic groups based on their colony morphology, and characteristics of their conidiophores and conidia. At least 5 representative isolates were randomly chosen from each group for the pathogenicity tests. All Alternaria spp. isolates caused round, dry, dark, spongy lesions on/in the inoculated fruits and re-isolates from the inoculated apples of each phenotypic groups were similar to the initial isolates of each group in morphological characteristics. Molecular characterization of isolates is in progress. Since mycotoxin produced by Alternaria spp. in fruits is of unavoidable risk to human health, special care should be given in regards to the need to reduce widespread postharvest losses caused by Alternaria spp. in the cold storages of Niğde, which is the most important apple producer province of the country.
Antifungal effect of boron compounds against Neoscytalidium dimiatum
(2023) Yildirim, Elif; Türkkan, Muharrem; Yiğit, Abdurrahman; Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel; Erper, İsmail
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum has been recently identified as the agent responsible for canker, dieback, shoot blight, and root rot on different hosts in Türkiye. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of boric acid (H3BO3), three borates [disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (Na2B8O13.4H2O), disodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7.10H2O) and disodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7)] on the mycelial growth, germ tube elongation and conidial germination of N. dimidiatum. The antifungal effects of the boron compounds were investigated at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (w/v) concentrations. The differences observed between the inhibitory effects of boron compounds on the parameters were found to be significantly important at P < 0.05. The 0.5% concentration of disodium tetraborate decahydrate and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate completely inhibited the fungus, whereas other salts did not. Disodium tetraborate decahydrate and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate completely inhibited three parameters at 0.5% and higher concentrations. However, boric acid and disodium tetraborate were able to completely inhibit investigated factors of N. dimidiatum at 2.0% and 1.0% concentration, respectively. Disodium tetraborate and boric acid at 0.5% concentration decreased germ tube elongation and conidia germination of the fungus by 94.97%-63.57%, 59.33%-51.26%, respectively. The effectiveness of the 0.5% concentration on conidial germination was also similar in both salts at P < 0.05. However, disodium tetraborate inhibited germ tube elongation more effectively than boric acid. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the four boron compounds also varied between 0.5% and 2.0% concentrations. The boron compounds in this study could be potential agents to manage N. dimidiatum.
Biber (Capsicum annum L.) Bitkisinden İzole Edilen Endofitik Bakteri ve Topraktan İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Toprak Kökenli Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina ve Rhizoctonia solani’xxye Karşı Antagonistik Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi
(2017) Güler Güney, İnci; Güldür, Mehmet Ertuğrul
Forty-nine endophytic bacteria were isolated from pepper stem and crown and forty-nine bacteria from soil. Isolates were obtained from pepper grown fields of Bozova and Hilvan Districts of Şanlıurfa. Antagonistic effects of endophytic bacteria and soil-borne bacteria were in-vitro tested against Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani in petri dishes. Bacterial isolates from soil and endophytic bacteria revealed antagonistic activity of 79.37-20.22% and 81.69-33.47%, respectively against four pathogens.Statistically significant differences were found among the efficiencies against four different pathogens. Additionally, bacteria isolated from Bozova province were found to have higher antagonistic activity than those of Hilvan province. The antagonistic activity of endophytic bacteria was found to be higher than that of bacterial isolates from soil. In later studies, effective endophytic bacteria isolated from pepper can be used against soilborne pathogens
Bipolaris sorokiniana associated with common root rot in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
(2022) Alkan, Mehtap; Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Derviş, Sibel; Paulitz,Timothy C.; Özdemir, Fatih; Morgounov, Alexey; Mumınjanov,Hafiz; Amer, Mohammed; Imren, Mustafa; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Özer, Göksel
Wheat (Triticum spp.) is the third most important crop in terms of global production, with an average annual production of almost 219 million ha and yielding 760.9 million tons, after maize and rice. However, A complex of fungi attacking the crown and root tissues of wheat causes a serious problem and significant yield reductions in wheat. Although most prevailing species in this complex can change yearly and regionally in dryland winter wheat production areas, Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoemaker (teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus) is one of the dominant species and causes spot blotch and common root rot (CRR) on wheat plants, especially in winter wheat varieties. Comprehensive surveys were conducted to identify B. sorokiniana associated with CRR of wheat throughout the main wheat-growing areas of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in 2017 and 2019, respectively. As a result of the classification of species based on morphological and molecular tools, 96 and 547 isolates were identified as B. sorokiniana for Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, respectively. All surveyed regions for these countries were contaminated with this pathogen. Some representative isolates of B. sorokiniana were tested for their ability to cause disease and produced moderate disease severities on cultivar Seri 82 (Triticum aestivum, bread wheat). The percent incidence of B. sorokiniana isolates in all isolates was 15.2% for Azerbaijan, whereas, for Kazakhstan, B. sorokiniana was the most frequently recovered species in the three regions surveyed, with an isolated frequency of 44.80%. The results of the current study provide crucial and helpful information to improve disease management strategies against CRR of wheat in these countries.
Bitki Gelişimini Teşvik Eden Bazı Mikroorganizmalar
(2009) Küçük, Çiğdem; Güler Güney, İnci
Bitki gelişimini arttıran Rhizobium spp. , Azospirillum spp. ve Glomus spp. gibi mikroorganizmalar hastalık kontrolünde de etkili olmaktadır. Pseudomonas spp. ve Trichoderma spp. gibi biyolojik mücadele etmenlerinin ise bitki gelişimini teşvik ettikleri son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda ortaya konmuştur. Tarımsal ürünleri hastalıklara karşı korumak ve gelişimlerini arttırmak için, bu mikroorganizmaların uygun zamanda ve miktarlarda kullanımları sağlanmalıdır. Böylece kimyasal gübrelerin kullanımları sonucu oluşan problemler azaltılabilir. Bu derlemede, biyolojik gübre etmeni olarak kullanılan mikroorganizmaların hem bitki gelişimini teşvik etmeleri hem de biyolojik mücadelede kullanılmaları ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.
Correction to: Leaf spot caused by Alternaria crassa on Datura stramonium in Turkey
(Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 2022) Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Alkan, Mehtap; Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel
In August 2021, jimson weed (Datura stramonium) plants growing as weeds in potato fields in Bolu province, Turkey, exhibited leaf spots with dark concentric rings. Sunken and lens-shaped lesions with a light center were also frequently observed on petioles, branches, and stems. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the transcription elongation factor 1-α, RNA polymerase second largest subunit, and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase loci, the causal agent was identified as Alternaria crassa. The pathogen was successfully re-isolated from inoculated jimson weed plants in the pathogenicity assay, proving Koch’s postulates. Alternaria crassa caused necrotic lesions on potato plants, similar to those of early blight, confirming them as an alternative host of the pathogen. This is apparently the first report of leaf spot caused by A. crassa on jimson weed in Turkey.
Evaluation of inhibitory effect some bicarbonate carbonate salts against Neoscytalidium dimiatum
(2023) Yildirim, Elif; Türkkan, Muharrem; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, Sibel; Erper, İsmail
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, a member of the Botryosphaeriaceae family, has emerged as a significant pathogen causing canker and blight diseases in various fruit trees, field crops, park and forest trees, and other hosts. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is the only recognized species within the genus, with the other two previously recognized species, N. novaehollandiae and N. orchidacearum. There is no suggested chemical control method against Neoscytalidium. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of some salts on the mycelial growth, germ tube elongation and conidial germination of the N. dimidiatum isolate phylogenetically clustered with the isolates previously recognized as N. novaehollandiae. The antifungal effects of the salts were determined at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (w/v) concentrations of salts in vitro conditions. Statistically, differences were observed between the inhibitory effects of six salts on the parameters at P ≤ 0.05. The 0.25% and higher concentrations of the ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate salts completely inhibited mycelial growth, germ tube elongation and conidial germination. Potassium and sodium bicarbonate salts in the highest concentration (2.0%) were able to decrease the mycelial growth, germ tube elongation and conidial germination with the rates of 95.58%-95.58%, 95.05%-95.76% and 77.44%-82.91%, respectively. In addition, potassium and sodium carbonate were able to completely inhibit investigated factors of the pathogen at 2.0% and 1.0% concentrations, respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration values of the ammonium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate varied between 0.25% and 2.0%. The minimum fungicidal concentration values of the ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate also ranged between 0.25% and 1.0%. As a result, this study showed that salts of carbonate and bicarbonate could be recommended to manage diseases caused by N. dimidiatum.
Factors influencing adaptation of innovations in small ruminant production in the TRC3 Region in Turkey
(Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 2021)
This study investigated the socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of innovation in small ruminant production in TRC3 region in Turkey. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 366 small ruminant farmers from the region. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect main data for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descritive statistics, t-tests and multiple linear regression analysis. Results of the study showed that the farmers had a mean age of 45,8 years and 97,0% were male. Traditional production was dominant among the small ruminant producers and as the number of animal increases the income increases (p< 0,01). Out of twelve independent variables, eight of them were statistically significant on multiple linear regression analysis. The F-statistics was statistically significant at 1% level on communication behavior and animal health practices; 5% level on age, breeding reasons, milking way, produced products and fold type. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) value was estimated to be 0,470 this implies that 47,0% of total variation in the output of small ruminant production was accounted for by the independent variables that were fitted into the model. The main problems of small ruminant production were high feed prices, high deaths of lamps/goat, insufficient use of pastures because of security problems and lack of shepherd due to young people unwillingness to live in rural areas.
First report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-F causing stalk and root rot of corn (Zea mays) in Turkey
(2019) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Çiftçi, Osman; Derviş, Sibel; Ulubaş Serçe, Çiğdem
Maize or sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most widely grown and important cereal crops in terms of its area coverage and contribution to total food grains production in the world. In Turkey, approximately 640,000 ha Q:2 of land is under maize cultivation producing 5.9 million metric tons of grain. In Turkey, S¸ anlıurfa is the third largest province for corn cultivation after Adana and Mardin. In the summer of 2018, plants with suppressed growth owing to a root and stalk rot were observed in a corn field (37°27957.80N, 39°26928.90E) with an area of 8 ha located in Karakeçi neighborhood of Siverek (northern S¸ anlıurfa). Approximately 8.8% of the plants were affected. Observed symptoms started with chlorosis of the leaves followed by brown to dark-brown discoloration or rapid death of the upper leaves or whole plant. When the stalk and crown tissues were split longitudinally, we observed a brown to black dry rot or necrosis throughout the central pith and internal tissues of the stalk and crown, which resulted in a hollow stem. Affected plants showed varying degrees of necrosis on roots and crowns, and rotted roots. Plants with stalk rot easily lodged, or bent in severe cases. Isolations were performed from the margin of symptomatic stalk piths, crowns, and secondary and tap roots on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin sulfate (100 ppm). Fungal colonies recovered were yellowish-gray with a powdery texture. The fungal isolates were preliminarily identified as Rhizoctonia sp. on the basis of colony morphology and typical hyphal branching pattern (i.e., hyphal ramification angles of ;90°, basal constriction, and a septum next to the lateral hyphae) (Sneh et al. 1991). Nuclear staining with a 1% Safranin O and 3% KOH (Bandoni 1979) and examination under light microscopy at ×400 magnification confirmed that hyphal cells of all isolates had two nuclei per cell (binucleate), belonging to the teleomorphic genus Ceratobasidium. No sclerotia were formed after 20 days on PDA. The genomic DNA of two isolates was extracted, and the partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, complete 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, and partial ITS2 region of the nuclear rDNA was amplified by using the primers ITS6/ITS4. The nucleotide sequences obtained (GenBank accession nos. MK442087 and MK442088) had 100 and 99% identity, respectively, with many sequences of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-F subgroup in NCBI database, including KT265714 and KT265715 isolated from ginger and taro in China (Dong et al. 2017), thus confirming the morphological identification. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 3-week-old healthy potted seedlings of Z. mays ‘Pioneer 2105’. Twenty plants were inoculated by placing three 1-cm-diameter mycelial plugs from 5-day-old PDA cultures of a representative isolate near the crown of plants. Fifteen plants inoculated with only PDA plugs served as controls. The plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C and 95% relative humidity with a 16-h/8-h (light/dark) photoperiod. All inoculated plants showed extensive necrosis on the roots and crown, resulting in growth reduction. The symptoms observed 15 days after inoculation were similar to those found in the commercial field. Control plants remained healthy. Binucleate Rhizoctonia was reisolated from symptomatic tissues of inoculated plants, completing Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-F causing stalk, crown, and root rot on Z. mays in the world. The finding of this pathogen on corn in Turkey needs to be considered when designing disease management programs for corn production.
First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing black canker and root rot of walnut in Turkey
(2019) Derviş, Sibel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Çiftçi, Osman; Ulubaş Serçe, Çiğdem; Dikilitaş, Murat
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is commercially important with about 87,670 ha grown in Turkey, the fourth largest producer worldwide. During summer 2018, unfamiliar and serious decline symptoms associated with stem and branch cankers were observed in walnut trees in two orchards in S¸ anlıurfa Province, Southeastern Anatolia Region. In a 3-year-old orchard of 450 trees (cv. Chandler) in Kayseri, Siverek District, about 62% of trees had deep, large, and black cankers in the trunks and on main branches, drastically reduced tree vigor, and yellowing, wilting, and browning of the leaves, followed by leaf drop. In a 12-year-old orchard with 30 trees (cv. Kaman), in Yaylak, Bozova District, 40% of trees had similar symptoms. Symptoms were first noticed in trunks. Bark cracks, cankers in trunks, and dark discoloration or a black sooty, dusty mass of fungal spores under peeling bark on the trunk and main branches were the most striking symptoms. Deep cankers expanded longitudinally, extending along trunks and into the phloem of the trees, which consequently died, and occasionally laterally extending into the sapwood. Declining trees had dry root rot symptoms, with black necrosis on the surface, and under the cracked and coarse bark extending from the taproot and some large roots to the crown, and black rot and loss of fine roots. Samples were taken from under the bark of trunk cankers, crown tissues, and root tissues of five trees per Q:1 orchard. The sections of samples were surface sterilized in 2% NaOCl for 2 min and rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, blotted dry with sterilized filter paper, placed on PDA, and incubated at 28°C. A fungus with identical cultural characteristics was consistently isolated. On PDA, the mycelium growth was white and then turned black with age. Rapidly growing colonies (average, 40 mm/day) produced mycelia that disarticulated into 0- to 1-septate, cylindrical-truncate or rod-shaped, thick-walled, hyaline to brown arthroconidia occurring singly or in arthric chains and averaged 9.6 ± 3.7 × 5.5 ± 1.6 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.79. These characteristics were consistent with the description of the arthric synanamorph of Q:3 Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers (Crous et al. 2006). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) genes of two single conidial isolates (one from under bark tissues; one from root tissues) were amplified with ITS6/ITS4 and NL1/NL4 primer pairs, respectively, and the amplicons sequenced. The ITS and LSU sequences deposited in GenBank (ITS, MK430050 and MK430051; LSU, MK430056 and MK430057) had 100% identity with many sequences of N. dimidiatum, including recently available ones (T¨urk¨olmez et al. 2019; ITS, MH114591; LSU, MH114592), in line with the morphological features. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 20 replicates of 1-year-old container-grown J. regia ‘Chandler’ seedlings with a N. dimidiatum isolate by removing a 5-mm-diameter bark plug from the stem with a cork borer and placing an equivalent-sized 7-day-old culture disc of N. dimidiatum onto the exposed vascular cambium. The wound was covered with wet, autoclaved cotton wool and sealed with Parafilm. Treated plants were maintained in a growth chamber with a 16/8-h light/dark photoperiod at 26°C and 55% RH and watered on demand. Within 3 weeks, average lesion lengths under the bark of all inoculated stems were >150 mm, and the lesions were covered with a black sooty layer. Leaf blight was also observed, similar to naturally affected trees. Control plants remained healthy. N. dimidiatum was reisolated only from lesions of inoculated stems, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. In Turkey, N. dimidiatum has been reported as a destructive new blight of tomato (T¨urk¨olmez et al. 2019) and canker, shoot blight, and root rot of pistachio (Dervis¸ et al. 2019). This is the first report of N. dimidiatum infection of walnuts in Turkey. By the end of 2018, all symptomatic trees had died. Recent occurrence of this severe disease suggests it could have a significant potential for limiting walnut production.
First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing dieback, shoot blight and branch canker of willow trees in Turkey
(2019) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, Sibel; Çiftçi, Osman; Ulubaş Serçe, Çiğdem; Türkölmez, Cemile Gülden; Dikilitaş, Murat
Salix alba L. (Salicaceae), a deciduous tree with ascending branches, naturally occurs throughout Turkey and is extensively used as a shade tree in city parks and botanical gardens of urban ecosystems and mostly for its timber in forestry. In June 2018, declining willow trees were observed at Haliliye and central districts of Şanlıurfa in the southeastern Anatolia region. The affected stands were located in public parks and boulevards (37°10′08.3″N, 38°49′16.9″E; 37°10′53.5″N, 38°49′07.1″E) with a high incidence in 3- to 8-year-old S. alba trees. The trees exhibited lack of vigor, foliar chlorosis, dieback of the crown with sudden wilting of shoots and branches followed by light to dark brown discoloration of leaves, reduced foliage, cankers, and dead branches. In most cases the bark had cracked and peeled off, thereby exposing a black sooty mass of fungal conidia. Longitudinal cracks also extended in the wood tissue beneath the broken bark. In some cases, bark cracks, cankers, and the black sooty spore masses also occurred on trunks. Symptomatic trees were scattered in the whole survey area. Samples of shoots and cankered branches of 20 affected trees from various points in these localities were cut into discs and surface disinfected by immersing in 2% NaOCl for 30 s, rinsed in sterile distilled water (SDW), blotted dry with sterile filter paper, placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 28°C. The sooty layer of conidia under the peeled barks of branches was also plated onto PDA using a sterile needle. A fungal species with dark, gray to black, and fast-growing colonies was consistently isolated from shoots, branches, and the sooty layer. Mycelia were branched and septate and formed arthric chains of zero- to one-septate arthroconidia, cylindrical-truncate or rod-shaped, 5.8 to 11.1 × 2.6 to 5.7 μm, initially hyaline that became dark brown and with a thick wall with age. These traits concurred with those of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers (Crous et al. 2006). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) genes of three single-conidial isolates were amplified with ITS6/ITS4 and NL1/NL4 primer pairs, respectively, and the amplicons were sequenced (GenBank accession nos. MK430052 to MK430054 for ITS and MK430058 to MK430060 for LSU). The ITS sequences were 99.54 to 99.82% identical to N. dimidiatum accession number KR867696 from willow (Hashemi and Mohammadi 2016), and the LSU region sequences showed 100% identity to N. dimidiatum accession number MH114592 from tomato (Türkölmez et al. 2019). Pathogenicity tests were performed on 60-cm-long detached branch segments of 5-year-old S. alba, which were surface disinfected with 75% alcohol for 3 to 5 s and sealed with wax at one end. Branch segments were then wounded (5-mm diameter, 2-mm deep) between two nodes using a sterilized scalpel. Five-millimeter-diameter mycelial plugs from the margin of actively growing colonies (PDA) of an isolate were placed in the wounds and wrapped with Parafilm. Noncolonized PDA plugs were used as a control. The wax-free ends of the inoculated and control branches (15 each) were dipped individually in 100 to 150 ml of SDW in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. After 6 weeks, all inoculated branches showed necrotic lesions, with an average length of 14.2 ±1.8 cm. No symptoms were observed in the control branches. The pathogen was reisolated from all inoculated shoots and identified by conidial morphology to fulfill Koch’s postulates. N. dimidiatum is known to cause gummosis, dieback, branch wilt, decline, leaf spot, tip rot, and canker of many woody plants in various families worldwide (Farr and Rossman 2019). On Salix spp., it was previously only isolated from internal wood lesions of S. alba trees in Iran (Hashemi and Mohammadi 2016). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. dimidiatum causing willow dieback, shoot blight, and branch canker in Turkey. One of the biggest concerns should be paid to the provenance of this fungus, which is significantly involved in human pathology (Machouart et al. 2013).
First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing shoot and needle blight of pines (Pinus spp.) in Turkey
(2019) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, Sibel; Çiftçi, Osman; Dikilitaş, Murat
Several Pinus spp. (Pinaceae) cover ∼12 million ha in Turkey (15% of the national territory). In Şanlıurfa Province of Southeastern Anatolia Region, small areas have been occupied by several pine species, and their use in afforestation and landscaping is common. A new needle blight disease causing needle browning or drop was observed on 3- to 20-year-old P. nigra Arn. (European black pine), P. sylvestris L. (Scots pine), and P. eldarica Medw. (Afghan pine) trees in parks, streets, and boulevards at Tülmen, Karaköprü, Hilvan, and central districts of Şanlıurfa during spring and summer of 2018. At first, needles turned yellow starting from the tip to the bottom of the needle and dried all the way down. Later, affected needles and shoots turned light or dark brown in color, and black fungal masses of conidia appeared on some branches, shoots, and at the base of needles. The branches covered with black fungal mass were partially or totally defoliated. Disease incidence and severity varied significantly among species; P. eldarica (∼70% of stands and 80% of needles) and P. sylvestris (∼40% of stands and 30% of needles) were affected most and least severely, respectively. The blight was most pronounced in the lower part of the crown, and the most damaging effect was observed on small trees, in which defoliation, slow growth, and eventual death were inevitable. Other Pinus species, such as P. brutia Ten. (Calabrian or Turkish red pine) and P. pinea L. (stone or Mediterranean pine), remained healthy. Shoots and needle samples exhibiting blight symptoms were collected from all Pinus spp. across all locations. These samples were cut into small pieces (5 to 7 mm), surface sterilized (2% NaOCl for 30 s), rinsed three times in sterile distilled water (SDW), transferred to sterile filter paper to dry, plated onto potato dextrose agar, and grown at 28°C. The resulting colonies of a consistently isolated fungus from all samples were initially dark gray and turned black 4 to 7 days later. The mycelia formed arthric chains of dark, thick-walled, cylindrical-truncate to rod-shaped, zero- to one-septate arthroconidia (4.9 to 11.5 × 2.5 to 8.3 μm). These traits were typical of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers (Crous et al. 2006). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) genes of two single-conidial isolates (ND183 and ND184) were amplified with ITS6/ITS4 and NL1/NL4 primer pairs, respectively, and the amplicons were sequenced (GenBank MK430055 for ITS and MK430061 and MK430062 for LSU). The LSU region sequences were 99.43% identical to N. dimidiatum DQ377925 from mango (Crous et al. 2006) and 99.81 to 100% identical to MH114592 from tomato (Türkölmez et al. 2019). The ITS sequences exhibited 99.81% identity to N. dimidiatum KJ513460 from pitahaya (Retana-Sánchez et al. 2019). Pathogenicity tests were carried out on ten 6-month-old seedlings from each of P. eldarica, P. nigra, and P. sylvestris grown in plastic pots (10-cm diameter, 3-liter volume) by spraying needles and shoots with 50 ml of conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of ND183. For the control, five healthy seedlings of each Pinus species were sprayed with SDW in a similar manner. All plants were maintained in a growth chamber with a 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod at 28°C with 55% RH and watered as needed. Spray-inoculated needles initially showed yellow, small, round or oval spots within 2 weeks. Diameter of the lesions gradually increased, coalesced, and turned the entire needle dark brown. Six weeks after inoculation, infected shoots also turned brown with the needles on, whereas all control seedlings remained healthy and symptomless. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated needles and shoots, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of this pathogen on Pinus spp. in Turkey as well as worldwide. P. eldarica, P. nigra, and P. sylvestris were, therefore, added to the world host list of N. dimidiatum. The outbreak of this disease is a threat to Pinus forest lands in Turkey.
Fungi isolated from cankered tissues of declining apricot trees in Malatya and Elazığ provinces of Turkey
(2017) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Çiftçi, Osman; Derviş, Sibel
Surveys were carried out in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) production areas of Malatya and Elazığ provinces from April to November in 2015 and 2016. Fungal and oomycetous diseases causing dieback and decline symptoms were investigated and locations where the diseases were prevalent were determined according to the districts in these provinces. Nine and 40 orchards were visited in Elazığ and Malatya during the course of the surveys. A total of 665 out of 5750 apricot trees were checked and the disease incidence was found to be 44% in the surveyed orchards. Out of isolates obtained from root and crown tissues of symptomatic trees, isolates obtained from cankered tissues were characterized according to their morphological characteristics. Genomic DNA was extracted from representative isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the ITS6/ITS4 primer pair and sequenced and submitted to GenBank. NCBI BLAST results showed 98 to 100% similarity with the ITS sequences of many Clonostachys rosea f. rosea (Link : Fr.) Schroers et. al. 1999 (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales), Sarocladium kiliense (Grütz) Summerb. 2011 (Ascomycetes, Incertae sedis) (Syn: Acremonium kiliense), Phoma sp. (Ascomycetes, Pleosporales), Entoleuca spp. (Ascomycetes, Xylariales) strains deposited in NCBI GenBank. The sequences were submitted to GenBank and given accession numbers were MF536537 and MF536538 for C. rosea, MF536539 for S. kiliense, MF536540 and MF536541 for Phoma spp., and MF536542, MF536543, MF536544 and MF536545 for Entoleuca spp. isolates. Moreover, Verticillium dahliae and Macrophomina phaseolina were also isolated from inner tissues of necrotic branches and morphologically identified. However, pathogenicity of these isolates needs further investigations. If some isolates were not pathogenic, their endophytic or hperparasitic characteristics against pathogenic ones should be tested in order to fully exploit their potential for use as biological control agents.
Fusarium spp. associated with crown and root rot in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
(2022) Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Derviş, Sibel; Paulitz,Timothy C.; Özdemir, Fatih; Morgounov, Alexey; Mumınjanov,Hafiz; Amer, Mohammed; Imren, Mustafa; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Özer, Göksel
Little is known about the distribution and prevalence of pathogens of underground parts of winter wheat in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. In this study, a detailed survey study was conducted to assess the distribution of pathogen the country to generate information and understand disease dynamics, as well as to test the pathogenicity of the obtained species on a susceptible wheat cultivar.Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a primary source of calories and protein (Shiferaw et al. 2013), grown on 219 million ha and yielding 760.9 million tons (FAOSTAT 2022). Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (T. durum Desf.) provide a major contribution to the diets of humans and livestock in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, with an average annual production of about 1.82 million tons in a planted area of about 0.59 million ha and with 14.3 million tons produced on 12.1 million ha, respectively. Especially, Kazakhstan’s wheat yield (1182.5 ton/ha) falls far short of the global average (3474.4 ton/ha) due to biotic and abiotic stressors.The complex fungal species attacking the crown and root tissues of wheat causes a serious problem, including damping-off, blight, necrosis, and dry rotting of the root, crown, sub-crown, and lower stem tissues, along with wilting and stunting of seedlings and mature wheat plants (Bockus et al. 2010), resulting in significant yield reductions in the major wheat-producing regions of the world (Gonzalez and Trevathan 2000).Template DNA was extracted from 50–100 mg of fungal powder using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The translation elongation factor 1- alpha (EF1-α) gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA were amplified with EF1/EF2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998) and ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) primer sets, respectively.
Hatay ilinde havuç üretimi ve kadınların rolü
(Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2023)
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hatay ili havuç üretimini değerlendirmek; üreticilerin ve bu alanda çalışan kadınların sorunlarını inceleyerek sektörel ilerlemeye yönelik çözüm önerileri geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın ana materyalini Hatay ili havuç üretiminde yer alan üreticiler, tüccarlar ve kadın işçiler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada üretici ve tüccarlarla derinlemesine görüşme yapılmış olup, kadın işgücüne yönelik 2020/21 havuç üretim sezonu için anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Anket çalışması ile elde edilen veriler SPSS paket programı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Verilerin güvenilirliği Cronbach’s Alpha katsayısı ile test edilerek yorumlanmıştır. Türkiye’de tarımda istihdam edilen yaklaşık 4.5 milyon kişinin, %40’ı kadındır. Havuç üretiminde de kadın işgücü yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dereceleme ve paketleme işinde çalışan kadınlara 0.05 ₺/kg işgücü ücreti ödendiği, hem iş hem ev sorumluluğunun yıpratıcı olduğu ve kadınların ciddi ölçüde sırt ağrısı yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu faaliyetlerde rol oynayan kadınların günlük ₺50-60 arasında (yaklaşık $8) gelire sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kırsal alanlarda kadınların kayıt dışı aile işçisi olarak çalıştığı, sosyal faaliyetlerde bulunamaması kadınlar üzerinde olumsuz sonuçlara neden olmaktadır. Hatay ilinde oluşturulacak havuç işleme ve paketleme tesisinin desteklenmesi ile bölgede kurulabilecek bir tesisin gerekliliğine dikkat çekilmelidir. Bu konuda yürütülecek olan faaliyetler sürdürülebilirlik ve kalkınma açısından da önem arz etmektedir.
Herbalists and herbs in Southeastern Anatolia of Turkey
(Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture., 2021)
In this study, interview technique (face to face) was used to collect data from 56 herbalists in three provinces of the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey (Mardin, Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa). The main purpose of the study was to determine the education level, learning methods of their job, professional experiences, the parts of the plants used and the problems of the herbalists. The average age of the herbalists were 41,7 and majority of them had a high school diploma. They learned this job mainly from older family members or working at the herbal shop. They mainly obtained their products from local people and wholesalers. Especially spices, food supplements, treatments, cosmetic and weight loss products were sold by herbalists.
Inoculation Techniquesfor Assessing PathogenicityofRhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina,Fusarium oxysporumand Fusarium solani on Pepper Seedlings
(2018) Güler Güney, İnci; Güldür, Mehmet Ertuğrul
In this study, surveys were carried out during 2015 and 2016 for wilt and root rot diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani in pepper fields in Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of differentinoculation methods (root dip, soil infestation with wheat bran and soil infestation with rice grain) on pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina,F. oxysporum andF. solani on pepper seedlings. Inoculated pepper seedlings (cv. İnan-3363) were left to grow for three months after transplanting under growth chamber conditions. Inoculation of infective rice-grain was used to test pathogenicity of all four fungi. Root dip inoculation method was used for F. solani and F. oxysporum when the soil was infestedwith wheat branmethod for R. solani andM. phaseolina inoculation. Alltested isolates resultedin thestemand root rot, leaf chlorosis and bruising. To test the pathogenicity of fungi, soil infestation with rice grain inoculation was the most suitable method.All tested fungiinduced similarfoliar symptoms,root rot severityand caused asimilarreduction in dryroot weightswhen rice-grain inoculum wasused. With other inoculation methods, all pathogens similarly affected root rot severity. Whereas, F. oxysporum was the least virulent pathogen among tested fungi affecting foliar symptom severity for fresh root and plant weights, and dry root and plant weights R. solani, M. phaseolina andF. solani weresimilarlyvirulent when these parameters were used. The results of the present study may have a useful connotation to monitor pepper seedlings against these pathogens. In conclusion, we recommend rice-grain inoculation to test pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporumandF. solanion various pepper cultivars.
İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARININ TARIMSAL FAALİYETLERDE KULLANIMI VE GELECEĞE YÖNELİK BEKLENTİLER
(İKSAD YAYINEVİ, 2023)
İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARI
Interregional comparative analysis of farmers’ perceptions and expectations of climate change
(Italian Journal of Agronomy, 2022)
This study looked into the relationship and effects of agricultural activities in different regions of Turkey on climate change. This study aims to determine farmer awareness of climate change and its effects, as well as farmer adaptation capabilities in different regions of Turkey against climate change, and to develop extension and policy tools based on the findings. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys with farmers in the provinces where the research was conducted. In this context, a proportional sampling survey of 418 farmers was conducted. The collected information was subjected to factor analysis and the independent t-test. According to the findings, farmers associate climate change with precipitation, and the effect of precipitation and the risks it poses in increasing or decreasing crop yields are of particular concern. Farmers in the Southeastern Anatolia Region are more concerned about heat and drought than farmers in the Mediterranean Region. Furthermore, producers believe that human-caused factors and economic development have a greater impact on climate change than agricultural activities. Farmers in research areas are concerned that climate change will increase migration from rural areas and the decline of forests and animal species. As a result, raising individual awareness and utilising new technology in rural areas is critical. Farmers’ awareness of new and environmentally friendly agricultural techniques must be raised to increase their use.
ITS and LSU-rDNA nucleotide sequences based confirmation of Cytospora chrysosperma and Chondrostereum purpureum from symptomatic cankered tissues of Populus nigra trees in Turkey
(2017) Derviş, Sibel; Çiftçi, Osman; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Ulubaş Serçe, Çiğdem
Malatya ili Doğanşehir ilçesinde 2016 yılında yapılan arazi çalışmaları sırasında gövde, dal kanseri ve kuruma belirtileri gösteren kavak (Populus nigra) ağaçlarından alınan örneklerden yapılan laboratuar çalışmaları sonucunda piknidyum içeren kabukların altından ve odun dokularından sırasıyla Cytospora chrysosperma ve Chondrostereum purpureum izole edilmiştir. İlkbaharda, kavak ağaçlarının sürgünlerine, tamamen gelişmiş olan dördüncü yapraklarının koparılması sonucu ortaya çıkan yaralar üzerine, C. chrysosperma ve C. purpureum izolatları tarafından kolonize edilmiş agar disklerinin yerleştirilmesiyle inokulasyon yapılmıştır. İnokülasyondan üç ay sonra C. chrysosperma ve C. purpureum ile inokulasyon bölgesinde sırasıyla 6,4 ve 3,3 cm uzunluğunda kanserler oluşmuş ve sürgünler büzüşmüştür. Benzer bir şekilde, serada gerçekleştirilen patojenite testlerinde, kabuk dokusunda oluşturulan yaraların bu izolatlar ile inokülasyonundan yaklaşık 14 gün sonra kanser oluşumu gerçekleşmiştir. Hastalanan bitkilerin dokularından yapılan izolasyonlarda C. chrysosperma ve C. purpureum’un tekrar izole edilmesi ile hastalık etmenlerinin bu funguslar olduğu doğrulanmıştır. Steril ortam diskleri ile inokule edilen kontrol sürgünlerdeki yaralarda kanser oluşmamıştır. Her fungal türün temsili izolatından tüm DNA’nın izolasyonu yapılmıştır. İzole edilen toplam DNA’lar, rDNA'nın internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ve large subunit (LSU) gen bölgeleri için sırasıyla ITS6/ITS4 ve NL1/NL4 primer çiftleri kullanılarak amplifiye edilmiş ve dizilenmiştir. BLAST analizleri sonucunda, daha önce Gen Bankası’nda kaydedilen birçok C. chrysosperma ve C. purpureum ITS ve LSU nükleotid dizisi ile %99 benzerlik göstermiştir. Bu diziler Gen Bankasına kaydedilmiştir. C. chrysosperma ve C. purpureum’nın ITS-rDNA için NCBI’dan verilen erişim numaraları sırasıyla MF536529 ve MF536531; LSU-rDNA için veriler erişim numaraları ise sırasıyla MF536530 ve MF536532’dir. Bu fungus etmenlerinin Türkiye'deki varlığı daha önce bildirilmekle birlikte bu çalışma, C. chrysosperma ve C. purpureum'un ITS ve LSU-rDNA nükleotid dizilerine dayanarak moleküler karakterizasyonlarının ilk raporudur.

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